| |
---|---|
Motto: (traditional) 'Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno'(Latin) 'One for all, all for one' | |
Anthem: 'Swiss Psalm' | |
Location of Switzerland (green) in Europe (green & dark grey) | |
Capital | None (de jure) Bern(de facto)[note 1][1][2] 46°57′N7°27′E / 46.950°N 7.450°E |
Largest city | Zürich |
Official languages | German French Italian Romansh |
Demonym(s) | English: Swiss, German: Schweizer(in), French: Suisse(sse), Italian: svizzero/svizzera, or elvetico/elvetica, Romansh: Svizzer/Svizra |
Government | Federalsemi-direct democracy under a multi-partyparliamentarydirectorialrepublic |
| |
Walter Thurnherr | |
Legislature | Federal Assembly |
• Upper house | Council of States |
National Council | |
History | |
• Foundation date | c. 1300[note 2] (traditionally 1 August 1291) |
24 October 1648 | |
• Restoration | 7 August 1815 |
12 September 1848[note 3][3] | |
Area | |
• Total | 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi) (132nd) |
4.2 | |
Population | |
• 2018 estimate | 8,508,898[4] (100th) |
8,327,126[5] | |
• Density | 206/km2 (533.5/sq mi) (68th) |
GDP(PPP) | 2018 estimate |
$551 billion[6] (39th) | |
• Per capita | $64,988[6] (9th) |
GDP(nominal) | 2018 estimate |
$709 billion[6] (19th) | |
• Per capita | $83,583[6] (2nd) |
Gini(2016) | 29.4[7] low · 19th |
HDI(2017) | 0.944[8] very high · 2nd |
Currency | Swiss franc (CHF) |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Date format | dd.mm.yyyy (AD) |
Driving side | right |
Calling code | +41 |
Patron saint | St Nicholas of Flüe |
ISO 3166 code | CH |
Internet TLD | .ch, .swiss |
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state situated in the confluence of western, central, and southernEurope.[9][note 4] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities seated in Bern.[1][2][note 1] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. It is geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau, where the largest cities are located, among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva.
The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Since the Reformation of the 16th century, Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002. Nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world.[10] Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross, one of the world's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations, and is home to numerous international organisations, including the second largest UN office. It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but notably not part of the European Union, the European Economic Area or the Eurozone. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties.
Switzerland occupies the crossroads of Germanic and Romance Europe, as reflected in its four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Although the majority of the population are German-speaking, Swiss national identity is rooted in a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy,[11] and Alpine symbolism.[12][13] Due to its linguistic diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names: Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts] (German);[note 5]Suisse[sɥis(ə)] (French); Svizzera[ˈzvittsera] (Italian); and Svizra[ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ] (Romansh).[note 6] On coins and stamps, the Latin name – frequently shortened to 'Helvetia' – is used instead of the four national languages.
Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealthper adult[14] and the eighth-highestper capitagross domestic product.[15][16] It ranks at or near the top in several international metrics, including economic competitiveness and human development. Zürich, Geneva and Basel have been ranked among the top ten cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the first ranked second globally.[17]
- 2History
- 3Geography
- 4Politics
- 4.2Cantons
- 5Economy and labour law
- 6Demographics
- 6.3Urbanisation
- 7Culture
- 9Notes and references
Etymology
The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, an obsolete term for the Swiss, which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries.[18] The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the AlemannicSchwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, one of the Waldstätten cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for 'Confederates', Eidgenossen (literally: comrades by oath), used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from LatinConfoederatio Helvetica (English: Helvetic Confederation).
The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High GermanSuittes, ultimately perhaps related to swedan ‘to burn’ (cf. Old Norsesvíða ‘to singe, burn’), referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build.[19] The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation.[20][21]The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d'Schwiiz for the Confederation,[22] but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town).[23]
The Latin name Confoederatio Helvetica was neologized and introduced gradually after the formation of the federal state in 1848, harking back to the Napoleonic Helvetic Republic, appearing on coins from 1879, inscribed on the Federal Palace in 1902 and after 1948 used in the official seal.[24] (for example, the ISO banking code 'CHF' for the Swiss franc, and the country top-level domain '.ch', are both taken from the state's Latin name). Helvetica is derived from the Helvetii, a Gaulish tribe living on the Swiss plateau before the Roman era.
Helvetia appears as a national personification of the Swiss confederacy in the 17th century with a 1672 play by Johann Caspar Weissenbach.[25]
History
Switzerland has existed as a state in its present form since the adoption of the Swiss Federal Constitution in 1848. The precursors of Switzerland established a protective alliance at the end of the 13th century (1291), forming a loose confederation of states which persisted for centuries.
Early history
The oldest traces of hominid existence in Switzerland date back about 150,000 years.[26] The oldest known farming settlements in Switzerland, which were found at Gächlingen, have been dated to around 5300 BC.[26]
The earliest known cultural tribes of the area were members of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC,[26] possibly under some influence from the Greek and Etruscan civilisations. One of the most important tribal groups in the Swiss region was the Helvetii. Steadily harassed by the Germanic tribes, in 58 BC the Helvetii decided to abandon the Swiss plateau and migrate to western Gallia, but Julius Caesar's armies pursued and defeated them at the Battle of Bibracte, in today's eastern France, forcing the tribe to move back to its original homeland.[26] In 15 BC, Tiberius, who would one day become the second Roman emperor, and his brother Drusus, conquered the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire. The area occupied by the Helvetii—the namesakes of the later Confoederatio Helvetica—first became part of Rome's Gallia Belgica province and then of its Germania Superior province, while the eastern portion of modern Switzerland was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia. Sometime around the start of the Common Era, the Romans maintained a large legionary camp called Vindonissa, now a ruin at the confluence of the Aare and Reuss rivers, near the town of Windisch, an outskirt of Brugg.
The first and second century AD was an age of prosperity for the population living on the Swiss plateau. Several towns, like Aventicum, Iulia Equestris and Augusta Raurica, reached a remarkable size, while hundreds of agricultural estates (Villae rusticae) were founded in the countryside.
Around 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today's Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to find shelter near Roman fortresses, like the Castrum Rauracense near Augusta Raurica. The Empire built another line of defence at the north border (the so-called Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes), but at the end of the fourth century the increased Germanic pressure forced the Romans to abandon the linear defence concept, and the Swiss plateau was finally open to the settlement of Germanic tribes.
In the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the 4th century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day Switzerland was therefore then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and Burgundy.[26] The entire region became part of the expanding Frankish Empire in the 6th century, following Clovis I's victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504 AD, and later Frankish domination of the Burgundians.[28][29]
Throughout the rest of the 6th, 7th and 8th centuries the Swiss regions continued under Frankish hegemony (Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties). But after its extension under Charlemagne, the Frankish Empire was divided by the Treaty of Verdun in 843.[26] The territories of present-day Switzerland became divided into Middle Francia and East Francia until they were reunified under the Holy Roman Empire around 1000 AD.[26]
By 1200, the Swiss plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg.[26] Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldstätten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its male line in 1263 the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264; then the Habsburgs under King Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor in 1273) laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them extending their territory to the eastern Swiss plateau.[28]
Old Swiss Confederacy
The Old Swiss Confederacy was an alliance among the valley communities of the central Alps. The Confederacy, governed by nobles and patricians of various cantons, facilitated management of common interests and ensured peace on the important mountain trade routes. The Federal Charter of 1291 agreed between the rural communes of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden is considered the confederacy's founding document, even though similar alliances are likely to have existed decades earlier.[30][31]
By 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Zürich and Bern city states to form the 'Old Confederacy' of eight states that existed until the end of the 15th century. The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the confederation.[31] By 1460, the confederates controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine to the Alps and the Jura mountains, particularly after victories against the Habsburgs (Battle of Sempach, Battle of Näfels), over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s, and the success of the Swiss mercenaries. The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of EmperorMaximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire.[31]
The Old Swiss Confederacy had acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of the confederation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano. This ended the so-called 'heroic' epoch of Swiss history.[31] The success of Zwingli's Reformation in some cantons led to inter-cantonal religious conflicts in 1529 and 1531 (Wars of Kappel). It was not until more than one hundred years after these internal wars that, in 1648, under the Peace of Westphalia, European countries recognised Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire and its neutrality.[28][29]
During the Early Modern period of Swiss history, the growing authoritarianism of the patriciate families combined with a financial crisis in the wake of the Thirty Years' War led to the Swiss peasant war of 1653. In the background to this struggle, the conflict between Catholic and Protestant cantons persisted, erupting in further violence at the First War of Villmergen, in 1656, and the Toggenburg War (or Second War of Villmergen), in 1712.[31]
Napoleonic era
In 1798, the revolutionary French government conquered Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution.[31] This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, Mülhausen joined France and the Valtellina valley became part of the Cisalpine Republic, separating from Switzerland. The new regime, known as the Helvetic Republic, was highly unpopular. It had been imposed by a foreign invading army and destroyed centuries of tradition, making Switzerland nothing more than a French satellite state. The fierce French suppression of the Nidwalden Revolt in September 1798 was an example of the oppressive presence of the French Army and the local population's resistance to the occupation.
When war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The result was the Act of Mediation which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 cantons.[31] Henceforth, much of Swiss politics would concern balancing the cantons' tradition of self-rule with the need for a central government.
In 1815 the Congress of Vienna fully re-established Swiss independence and the European powers agreed to permanently recognise Swiss neutrality.[28][29][31] Swiss troops still served foreign governments until 1860 when they fought in the Siege of Gaeta. The treaty also allowed Switzerland to increase its territory, with the admission of the cantons of Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva. Switzerland's borders have not changed since, except for some minor adjustments.[32]
Federal state
The restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes, such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund).[31] The war lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through friendly fire. Yet however minor the Sonderbundskrieg appears compared with other European riots and wars in the 19th century, it nevertheless had a major impact on both the psychology and the society of the Swiss and of Switzerland.
The war convinced most Swiss of the need for unity and strength towards its European neighbours. Swiss people from all strata of society, whether Catholic or Protestant, from the liberal or conservative current, realised that the cantons would profit more if their economic and religious interests were merged.
Thus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example. This constitution provided for a central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons (the Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an upper house (the Council of States, two representatives per canton) and a lower house (the National Council, with representatives elected from across the country). Referendums were made mandatory for any amendment of this constitution.[29] This new constitution also brought a legal end to nobility in Switzerland.[33]
A system of single weights and measures was introduced and in 1850 the Swiss franc became the Swiss single currency. Article 11 of the constitution forbade sending troops to serve abroad, with the exception of serving the Holy See, though the Swiss were still obliged to serve Francis II of the Two Sicilies with Swiss Guards present at the Siege of Gaeta in 1860, marking the end of foreign service.
An important clause of the constitution was that it could be re-written completely if this was deemed necessary, thus enabling it to evolve as a whole rather than being modified one amendment at a time.[34]
This need soon proved itself when the rise in population and the Industrial Revolution that followed led to calls to modify the constitution accordingly. An early draft was rejected by the population in 1872 but modifications led to its acceptance in 1874.[31] It introduced the facultative referendum for laws at the federal level. It also established federal responsibility for defence, trade, and legal matters.
In 1891, the constitution was revised with unusually strong elements of direct democracy, which remain unique even today.[31]
Modern history
Switzerland was not invaded during either of the world wars. During World War I, Switzerland was home to Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Vladimir Lenin) and he remained there until 1917.[35] Swiss neutrality was seriously questioned by the Grimm–Hoffmann Affair in 1917, but it was short-lived. In 1920, Switzerland joined the League of Nations, which was based in Geneva, on condition that it was exempt from any military requirements.
During World War II, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans,[36] but Switzerland was never attacked.[31] Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune as larger events during the war delayed an invasion.[29][37] Under General Henri Guisan, appointed the commander-in-chief for the duration of the war, a general mobilisation of the armed forces was ordered. The Swiss military strategy was changed from one of static defence at the borders to protect the economic heartland, to one of organised long-term attrition and withdrawal to strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps known as the Reduit. Switzerland was an important base for espionage by both sides in the conflict and often mediated communications between the Axis and Allied powers.[37]
Switzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland (together with Liechtenstein) entirely isolated from the wider world by Axis controlled territory. Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees[38] and the International Red Cross, based in Geneva, played an important part during the conflict. Strict immigration and asylum policies as well as the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy, but not until the end of the 20th century.[39]
During the war, the Swiss Air Force engaged aircraft of both sides, shooting down 11 intruding Luftwaffe planes in May and June 1940, then forcing down other intruders after a change of policy following threats from Germany. Over 100 Allied bombers and their crews were interned during the war. Between 1940 and 1945, Switzerland was bombed by the Allies causing fatalities and property damage.[37] Among the cities and towns bombed were Basel, Brusio, Chiasso, Cornol, Geneva, Koblenz, Niederweningen, Rafz, Renens, Samedan, Schaffhausen, Stein am Rhein, Tägerwilen, Thayngen, Vals, and Zürich. Allied forces explained the bombings, which violated the 96th Article of War, resulted from navigation errors, equipment failure, weather conditions, and errors made by bomber pilots. The Swiss expressed fear and concern that the bombings were intended to put pressure on Switzerland to end economic cooperation and neutrality with Nazi Germany.[40] Court-martial proceedings took place in England and the U.S. Government paid 62,176,433.06 in Swiss francs for reparations of the bombings.
After the war, the Swiss government exported credits through the charitable fund known as the Schweizerspende and also donated to the Marshall Plan to help Europe's recovery, efforts that ultimately benefited the Swiss economy.[41]
During the Cold War, Swiss authorities considered the construction of a Swiss nuclear bomb.[42] Leading nuclear physicists at the Federal Institute of Technology Zürich such as Paul Scherrer made this a realistic possibility. In 1988, the Paul Scherrer Institute was founded in his name to explore the therapeutic uses of neutron scattering technologies. Financial problems with the defence budget and ethical considerations prevented the substantial funds from being allocated, and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 was seen as a valid alternative. All remaining plans for building nuclear weapons were dropped by 1988.[43]
Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971[31][44] and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance, with the first woman on the seven member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp, who served from 1984 to 1989,[31] and the first female president being Ruth Dreifuss in 1999.
Switzerland joined the Council of Europe in 1963.[29] In 1979 areas from the canton of Bern attained independence from the Bernese, forming the new canton of Jura. On 18 April 1999 the Swiss population and the cantons voted in favour of a completely revised federal constitution.[31]
In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving the Vatican City as the last widely recognised state without full UN membership. Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, but is not a member of the European Economic Area. An application for membership in the European Union was sent in May 1992, but not advanced since the EEA was rejected in December 1992[31] when Switzerland was the only country to launch a referendum on the EEA. There have since been several referendums on the EU issue; due to opposition from the citizens, the membership application has been withdrawn. Nonetheless, Swiss law is gradually being adjusted to conform with that of the EU, and the government has signed a number of bilateral agreements with the European Union. Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been completely surrounded by the EU since Austria's entry in 1995. On 5 June 2005, Swiss voters agreed by a 55% majority to join the Schengen treaty, a result that was regarded by EU commentators as a sign of support by Switzerland, a country that is traditionally perceived as independent and reluctant to enter supranational bodies.[29]
Geography
Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses a great diversity of landscapes and climates on a limited area of 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi).[45] The population is about 8 million, resulting in an average population density of around 195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi).[45][46] The more mountainous southern half of the country is far more sparsely populated than the northern half.[45] In the largest Canton of Graubünden, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 27 /km² (70 /sq mi).[47]
Switzerland lies between latitudes 45° and 48° N, and longitudes 5° and 11° E. It contains three basic topographical areas: the Swiss Alps to the south, the Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau, and the Jura mountains on the west. The Alps are a high mountain range running across the central-south of the country, constituting about 60% of the country's total area. The majority of the Swiss population live in the Swiss Plateau. Among the high valleys of the Swiss Alps many glaciers are found, totalling an area of 1,063 square kilometres (410 sq mi). From these originate the headwaters of several major rivers, such as the Rhine, Inn, Ticino and Rhône, which flow in the four cardinal directions into the whole of Europe. The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of freshwater in Central and Western Europe, among which are included Lake Geneva (also called le Lac Léman in French), Lake Constance (known as Bodensee in German) and Lake Maggiore. Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes, and contains 6% of Europe's stock of fresh water. Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the national territory. The largest lake is Lake Geneva, in western Switzerland shared with France. The Rhône is both the main source and outflow of Lake Geneva. Lake Constance is the second largest Swiss lake and, like the Lake Geneva, an intermediate step by the Rhine at the border to Austria and Germany. While the Rhône flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the French Camargue region and the Rhine flows into the North Sea at Rotterdam in the Netherlands, about 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) apart, both springs are only about 22 kilometres (14 miles) apart from each other in the Swiss Alps.[45][48]
48 of Switzerland's mountains are 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) above sea in altitude or higher.[45] At 4,634 m (15,203 ft), Monte Rosa is the highest, although the Matterhorn (4,478 m or 14,692 ft) is often regarded as the most famous. Both are located within the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais, on the border with Italy. The section of the Bernese Alps above the deep glacial Lauterbrunnen valley, containing 72 waterfalls, is well known for the Jungfrau (4,158 m or 13,642 ft) Eiger and Mönch, and the many picturesque valleys in the region. In the southeast the long Engadin Valley, encompassing the St. Moritz area in canton of Graubünden, is also well known; the highest peak in the neighbouring Bernina Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m or 13,284 ft).[45]
The more populous northern part of the country, constituting about 30% of the country's total area, is called the Swiss Plateau. It has greater open and hilly landscapes, partly forested, partly open pastures, usually with grazing herds, or vegetables and fruit fields, but it is still hilly. There are large lakes found here and the biggest Swiss cities are in this area of the country.[45]
Within Switzerland there are two small enclaves: Büsingen belongs to Germany, Campione d'Italia belongs to Italy.[49] Switzerland has no exclaves in other countries.
Climate
The Swiss climate is generally temperate, but can vary greatly between the localities,[50] from glacial conditions on the mountaintops to the often pleasant near Mediterranean climate at Switzerland's southern tip. There are some valley areas in the southern part of Switzerland where some cold-hardy palm trees are found. Summers tend to be warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall so they are ideal for pastures and grazing. The less humid winters in the mountains may see long intervals of stable conditions for weeks, while the lower lands tend to suffer from inversion, during these periods, thus seeing no sun for weeks.
A weather phenomenon known as the föhn (with an identical effect to the chinook wind) can occur at all times of the year and is characterised by an unexpectedly warm wind, bringing air of very low relative humidity to the north of the Alps during rainfall periods on the southern face of the Alps. This works both ways across the alps but is more efficient if blowing from the south due to the steeper step for oncoming wind from the south. Valleys running south to north trigger the best effect.The driest conditions persist in all inner alpine valleys that receive less rain because arriving clouds lose a lot of their content while crossing the mountains before reaching these areas. Large alpine areas such as Graubünden remain drier than pre-alpine areas and as in the main valley of the Valais wine grapes are grown there.[51]
The wettest conditions persist in the high Alps and in the Ticino canton which has much sun yet heavy bursts of rain from time to time.[51] Precipitation tends to be spread moderately throughout the year with a peak in summer. Autumn is the driest season, winter receives less precipitation than summer, yet the weather patterns in Switzerland are not in a stable climate system and can be variable from year to year with no strict and predictable periods.
Environment
Switzerland's ecosystems can be particularly fragile, because the many delicate valleys separated by high mountains often form unique ecologies. The mountainous regions themselves are also vulnerable, with a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes, and experience some pressure from visitors and grazing. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a very fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change.[50][53] Nevertheless, according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment, due to its high scores on environmental public health, its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy (hydropower and geothermal energy), and its control of greenhouse gas emissions.[54]
Politics
The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of the modern federal state.[55] A new Swiss Constitution was adopted in 1999, but did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure. It outlines basic and political rights of individuals and citizen participation in public affairs, divides the powers between the Confederation and the cantons and defines federal jurisdiction and authority. There are three main governing bodies on the federal level:[56] the bicameral parliament (legislative), the Federal Council (executive) and the Federal Court (judicial).
The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation, depending on the population of each canton. Members of both houses serve for 4 years and only serve as members of parliament part-time (so-called Milizsystem or citizen legislature).[57] When both houses are in joint session, they are known collectively as the Federal Assembly. Through referendums, citizens may challenge any law passed by parliament and through initiatives, introduce amendments to the federal constitution, thus making Switzerland a direct democracy.[55]
The Federal Council constitutes the federal government, directs the federal administration and serves as collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions. However, the president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers, and remains the head of a department within the administration.[55]
The Swiss government has been a coalition of the four major political parties since 1959, each party having a number of seats that roughly reflects its share of electorate and representation in the federal parliament.The classic distribution of 2 CVP/PDC, 2 SPS/PSS, 2 FDP/PRD and 1 SVP/UDC as it stood from 1959 to 2003 was known as the 'magic formula'. Following the 2015 Federal Council elections, the seven seats in the Federal Council were distributed as follows:
- 1 seat for the Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC),
- 2 seats for the Free Democratic Party (FDP/PRD),
- 2 seats for the Social Democratic Party (SPS/PSS),
- 2 seats for the Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC).
The function of the Federal Supreme Court is to hear appeals against rulings of cantonal or federal courts. The judges are elected by the Federal Assembly for six-year terms.[58]
Direct democracy
Direct democracy and federalism are hallmarks of the Swiss political system.[59] Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions: the municipality, canton and federal levels. The 1848 and 1999 Swiss Constitutions define a system of direct democracy (sometimes called half-direct or representative direct democracy because it is aided by the more commonplace institutions of a representative democracy). The instruments of this system at the federal level, known as popular rights (German: Volksrechte, French: droits populaires, Italian: diritti popolari),[60] include the right to submit a federal initiative and a referendum, both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions.[55][61]
By calling a federal referendum, a group of citizens may challenge a law passed by parliament, if they gather 50,000 signatures against the law within 100 days. If so, a national vote is scheduled where voters decide by a simple majority whether to accept or reject the law. Any 8 cantons together can also call a constitutional referendum on a federal law.[55]
Similarly, the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote, if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months.[note 8] The Federal Council and the Federal Assembly can supplement the proposed amendment with a counter-proposal, and then voters must indicate a preference on the ballot in case both proposals are accepted. Constitutional amendments, whether introduced by initiative or in parliament, must be accepted by a double majority of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular votes.[note 9][59]
Cantons
The Swiss Confederation consists of 26 cantons:[55][62]
Canton | ID | Capital | Canton | ID | Capital | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aargau | 19 | Aarau | *Nidwalden | 7 | Stans | ||
*Appenzell Ausserrhoden | 15 | Herisau | *Obwalden | 6 | Sarnen | ||
*Appenzell Innerrhoden | 16 | Appenzell | Schaffhausen | 14 | Schaffhausen | ||
*Basel-Landschaft | 13 | Liestal | Schwyz | 5 | Schwyz | ||
*Basel-Stadt | 12 | Basel | Solothurn | 11 | Solothurn | ||
Bern | 2 | Bern | St. Gallen | 17 | St. Gallen | ||
Fribourg | 10 | Fribourg | Thurgau | 20 | Frauenfeld | ||
Geneva | 25 | Geneva | Ticino | 21 | Bellinzona | ||
Glarus | 8 | Glarus | Uri | 4 | Altdorf | ||
Grisons | 18 | Chur | Valais | 23 | Sion | ||
Jura | 26 | Delémont | Vaud | 22 | Lausanne | ||
Lucerne | 3 | Lucerne | Zug | 9 | Zug | ||
Neuchâtel | 24 | Neuchâtel | Zürich | 1 | Zürich |
*These cantons are known as half-cantons.
The cantons are federated states, have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with the situation in other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status, except that 6 (referred to often as the half-cantons) are represented by only one councillor (instead of two) in the Council of States and have only half a cantonal vote with respect to the required cantonal majority in referendums on constitutional amendments. Each canton has its own constitution, and its own parliament, government, police and courts.[62] However, there are considerable differences between the individual cantons, most particularly in terms of population and geographical area. Their populations vary between 16,003 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,487,969 (Zürich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (Grisons).
Municipalities
The cantons comprise a total of 2,222 municipalities as of 2018.
Foreign relations and international institutions
Traditionally, Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515. Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.[63][64] Only in 2002 did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations[63] and it was the first state to join it by referendum. Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as an intermediary between other states.[63] Switzerland is not a member of the European Union; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s.[63] However, Switzerland does participate in the Schengen Area.[65]
A large number of international institutions have their seats in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions and, since 2006, hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to have joined the United Nations, the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York, and Switzerland was a founding member and home to the League of Nations.
Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, like the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization.[63] The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together top international business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues facing the world, including health and the environment. Additionally the headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) are located in Basel since 1930.
Furthermore, many sport federations and organisations are located throughout the country, such as the International Basketball Federation in Geneva, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) in Nyon, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) and the International Ice Hockey Federation both in Zürich, the International Cycling Union in Aigle, and the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne.[67]
Military
The Swiss Armed Forces, including the Land Forces and the Air Force, are composed mostly of conscripts, male citizens aged from 20 to 34 (in special cases up to 50) years. Being a landlocked country, Switzerland has no navy; however, on lakes bordering neighbouring countries, armed military patrol boats are used. Swiss citizens are prohibited from serving in foreign armies, except for the Swiss Guards of the Vatican, or if they are dual citizens of a foreign country and reside there.
The structure of the Swiss militia system stipulates that the soldiers keep their Army issued equipment, including all personal weapons, at home. Some organisations and political parties find this practice controversial.[68] Women can serve voluntarily. Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18.[69] About two thirds of the young Swiss are found suited for service; for those found unsuited, various forms of alternative service exist.[70] Annually, approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for a duration from 18 to 21 weeks. The reform 'Army XXI' was adopted by popular vote in 2003, it replaced the previous model 'Army 95', reducing the effectives from 400,000 to about 200,000. Of those, 120,000 are active in periodic Army training and 80,000 are non-training reserves.[71]
Overall, three general mobilisations have been declared to ensure the integrity and neutrality of Switzerland. The first one was held on the occasion of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. The second was in response to the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. The third mobilisation of the army took place in September 1939 in response to the German attack on Poland; Henri Guisan was elected as the General-in-Chief.
Because of its neutrality policy, the Swiss army does not currently take part in armed conflicts in other countries, but is part of some peacekeeping missions around the world. Since 2000 the armed force department has also maintained the Onyx intelligence gathering system to monitor satellite communications.[72]
Following the end of the Cold War there have been a number of attempts to curb military activity or even abolish the armed forces altogether. A notable referendum on the subject, launched by an anti-militarist group, was held on 26 November 1989. It was defeated with about two thirds of the voters against the proposal.[73][74] A similar referendum, called for before, but held shortly after the 11 September attacks in the US, was defeated by over 78% of voters.[75]
Gun politics in Switzerland are unique in Europe in that 29% of citizens are legally armed. The large majority of firearms kept at home are issued by the Swiss army, but ammunition is no longer issued.[76][77]
The capital or Federal City issue
Until 1848 the rather loosely coupled Confederation did not know a central political organisation, but representatives, mayors, and Landammänner met several times a year at the capital of the Lieu presiding the Confederal Diet for one year.
Until 1500 the legates met most of the time in Lucerne, but also in Zürich, Baden, Bern, Schwyz etc., but sometimes also at places outside of the confederation, such as Constance. From the Swabian War in 1499 onwards until Reformation, most conferences met in Zurich. Afterwards the town hall at Baden, where the annual accounts of the common people had been held regularly since 1426, became the most frequent, but not the sole place of assembly. After 1712 Frauenfeld gradually dissolved Baden. From 1526, the Catholic conferences were held mostly in Lucerne, the Protestant conferences from 1528 mostly in Aarau, the one for the legitimation of the French Ambassador in Solothurn. At the same time the syndicate for the Ennetbirgischen Vogteien located in the present Ticino met from 1513 in Lugano and Locarno.[78]
After the Helvetic Republic and during the Mediation from 1803 until 1815 the Confederal Diet of the 19 Lieus met at the capitals of the directoral cantonsFribourg, Berne, Basel, Zurich, Lucerne and Solothurn.[78]
After the Long Diet from 6 April 1814 to 31 August 1815 took place in Zurich to replace the constitution and the enhancement of the Confederation to 22 cantons by the admission of the cantons of Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva to full members, the directoral cantons of Lucerne, Zurich and Berne took over the diet in two-year turns.[78]
In 1848, the federal constitution provided that details concerning the federal institutions, such as their locations, should be taken care of by the Federal Assembly (BV 1848 Art. 108). Thus on 28 November 1848, the Federal Assembly voted in majority to locate the seat of government in Berne. And, as a prototypical federal compromise, to assign other federal institutions, such as the Federal Polytechnical School (1854, the later ETH) to Zurich, and other institutions to Lucerne, such as the later SUVA (1912) and the Federal Insurance Court (1917). In 1875, a law (RS 112) fixed the compensations owed by the city of Bern for the federal seat.[1] According to these living fundamental federalistic feelings further federal institutions were subsequently attributed to Lausanne (Federal Supreme Court in 1872, and EPFL in 1969), Bellinzona (Federal Criminal Court, 2004), and St. Gallen (Federal Administrative Court and Federal Patent Court, 2012).
The 1999 new constitution, however, does not contain anything concerning any Federal City. In 2002 a tripartite committee has been asked by the Swiss Federal Council to prepare the 'creation of a federal law on the status of Bern as a Federal City', and to evaluate the positive and negative aspects for the city and the canton of Bern if this status were awarded. After a first report the work of this committee was suspended in 2004 by the Swiss Federal Council, and work on this subject has not resumed since.[79]
Thus as of today, no city in Switzerland has the official status either of capital or of Federal City, nevertheless Berne is commonly referred to as 'Federal City' (German: Bundesstadt, French: ville fédérale, Italian: città federale).
Economy and labour law
Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with 'wealth' being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013.[81][82][83] It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services.[84] The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan.[85] If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook[85]).
The World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report currently ranks Switzerland's economy as the most competitive in the world,[86] while ranked by the European Union as Europe's most innovative country.[87][88] For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin (by GDP – per capita).[89] In 2017, average gross household income in Switzerland was 9,946 francs per month (equivalent to US$10,720 per month), though 61% of the population made less than the average income.[90] Switzerland also has one of the world's largest account balances as a percentage of GDP.
Switzerland is home to several large multinational corporations. The largest Swiss companies by revenue are Glencore, Gunvor, Nestlé, Novartis, Hoffmann-La Roche, ABB, Mercuria Energy Group and Adecco.[92] Also, notable are UBS AG, Zurich Financial Services, Credit Suisse, Barry Callebaut, Swiss Re, Tetra Pak, The Swatch Group and Swiss International Air Lines. Switzerland is ranked as having one of the most powerful economies in the world.[89]
Switzerland's most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufacturing consists largely of the production of specialist chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%).[93] Exported services amount to a third of exports.[93] The service sector – especially banking and insurance, tourism, and international organisations – is another important industry for Switzerland.
Slightly more than 5 million people work in Switzerland;[94] about 25% of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004.[95] Switzerland has a more flexible job market than neighbouring countries and the unemployment rate is very low. The unemployment rate increased from a low of 1.7% in June 2000 to a peak of 4.4% in December 2009.[96] The unemployment rate decreased to 3.2% in 2014 without further decrease in 2015 and 2016.[97][98] Population growth from net immigration is quite high, at 0.52% of population in 2004.[93] The foreign citizen population was 21.8% in 2004,[93] about the same as in Australia. GDP per hour worked is the world's 16th highest, at 49.46 international dollars in 2012.[99]
Switzerland has an overwhelmingly private sector economy and low tax rates by Western World standards; overall taxation is one of the smallest of developed countries. Switzerland is a relatively easy place to do business, currently ranking 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index. The slow growth Switzerland experienced in the 1990s and the early 2000s has brought greater support for economic reforms and harmonisation with the European Union.[100][101] According to Credit Suisse, only about 37% of residents own their own homes, one of the lowest rates of home ownership in Europe. Housing and food price levels were 171% and 145% of the EU-25 index in 2007, compared to 113% and 104% in Germany.[93]
The Swiss Federal budget had a size of 62.8 billion Swiss francs in 2010, which is an equivalent 11.35% of the country's GDP in that year; however, the regional (canton) budgets and the budgets of the municipalities are not counted as part of the federal budget and the total rate of government spending is closer to 33.8% of GDP. The main sources of income for the federal government are the value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%) and the main expenditure is located in the areas of social welfare and finance & tax. The expenditures of the Swiss Confederation have been growing from 7% of GDP in 1960 to 9.7% in 1990 and to 10.7% in 2010. While the sectors social welfare and finance & tax have been growing from 35% in 1990 to 48.2% in 2010, a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in the sectors of agriculture and national defence; from 26.5% in to 12.4% (estimation for the year 2015).[102][103]
Agricultural protectionism—a rare exception to Switzerland's free trade policies—has contributed to high food prices. Product market liberalisation is lagging behind many EU countries according to the OECD.[100] Nevertheless, domestic purchasing power is one of the best in the world.[104][105][106] Apart from agriculture, economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland are minimal and Switzerland has free trade agreements worldwide. Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
Education and science
Leonhard Euler (mathematics)
Louis Agassiz (glaciology)
Auguste Piccard (aeronautics)
Albert Einstein (physics)
Education in Switzerland is very diverse because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the authority for the school system to the cantons.[107] There are both public and private schools, including many private international schools. The minimum age for primary school is about six years in all cantons, but most cantons provide a free 'children's school' starting at four or five years old.[107] Primary school continues until grade four, five or six, depending on the school. Traditionally, the first foreign language in school was always one of the other national languages, although recently (2000) English was introduced first in a few cantons.[107]
At the end of primary school (or at the beginning of secondary school), pupils are separated according to their capacities in several (often three) sections. The fastest learners are taught advanced classes to be prepared for further studies and the matura,[107] while students who assimilate a little more slowly receive an education more adapted to their needs.
There are 12 universities in Switzerland, ten of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer a range of non-technical subjects. The first university in Switzerland was founded in 1460 in Basel (with a faculty of medicine) and has a tradition of chemical and medical research in Switzerland. The largest university in Switzerland is the University of Zurich with nearly 25,000 students.[citation needed]The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ) and the University of Zurich are listed 20th and 54th respectively, on the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities.[108][109][110]
The two institutes sponsored by the federal government are the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ) in Zürich, founded 1855 and the EPFL in Lausanne, founded 1969 as such, which was formerly an institute associated with the University of Lausanne.[note 10][111][112]
In addition, there are various Universities of Applied Sciences. In business and management studies, the University of St. Gallen, (HSG) is ranked 329th in the world according to QS World University Rankings[113] and the International Institute for Management Development (IMD), was ranked first in open programmes worldwide by the Financial Times.[114] Switzerland has the second highest rate (almost 18% in 2003) of foreign students in tertiary education, after Australia (slightly over 18%).[115][116]
As might befit a country that plays home to innumerable international organisations, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, located in Geneva, is not only continental Europe's oldest graduate school of international and development studies, but also widely believed to be one of its most prestigious.[117][118]
Many Nobel Prize laureates have been Swiss scientists. They include the world-famous physicist Albert Einstein[119] in the field of physics, who developed his special relativity while working in Bern. More recently Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel, Kurt Wüthrich and Jacques Dubochet received Nobel Prizes in the sciences. In total, 114 Nobel Prize winners in all fields stand in relation to Switzerland[120][note 11] and the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations residing in Switzerland.[121]
Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world's largest laboratory, CERN,[123] dedicated to particle physics research. Another important research centre is the Paul Scherrer Institute. Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), diazepam (Valium), the scanning tunnelling microscope (Nobel prize) and Velcro. Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurised balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world's oceans.
Switzerland Space Agency, the Swiss Space Office, has been involved in various space technologies and programmes. In addition it was one of the 10 founders of the European Space Agency in 1975 and is the seventh largest contributor to the ESA budget. In the private sector, several companies are implicated in the space industry such as Oerlikon Space[124] or Maxon Motors[125] who provide spacecraft structures.
Switzerland and the European Union
Switzerland voted against membership in the European Economic Area in a referendum in December 1992 and has since maintained and developed its relationships with the European Union (EU) and European countries through bilateral agreements. In March 2001, the Swiss people refused in a popular vote to start accession negotiations with the EU.[126] In recent years, the Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with those of the EU in many ways, in an effort to enhance their international competitiveness. The economy grew at 3% in 2010, 1.9% in 2011, and 1% in 2012.[127]EU membership was a long-term objective of the Swiss government, but there was and remains considerable popular sentiment against membership, which is opposed by the conservative SVP party, the largest party in the National Council, and not currently supported or proposed by several other political parties. The application for membership of the EU was formally withdrawn in 2016, having long been frozen. The western French-speaking areas and the urban regions of the rest of the country tend to be more pro-EU, nonetheless with far from a significant share of the population.[128][129]
The government has established an Integration Office under the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Economic Affairs. To minimise the negative consequences of Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe, Bern and Brussels signed seven bilateral agreements to further liberalise trade ties. These agreements were signed in 1999 and took effect in 2001. This first series of bilateral agreements included the free movement of persons. A second series covering nine areas was signed in 2004 and has since been ratified, which includes the Schengen Treaty and the Dublin Convention besides others.[130] They continue to discuss further areas for cooperation.[131]
In 2006, Switzerland approved 1 billion francs of supportive investment in the poorer Southern and Central European countries in support of cooperation and positive ties to the EU as a whole. A further referendum will be needed to approve 300 million francs to support Romania and Bulgaria and their recent admission. The Swiss have also been under EU and sometimes international pressure to reduce banking secrecy and to raise tax rates to parity with the EU. Preparatory discussions are being opened in four new areas: opening up the electricity market, participation in the European GNSS project Galileo, cooperating with the European centre for disease prevention and recognising certificates of origin for food products.[132]
On 27 November 2008, the interior and justice ministers of European Union in Brussels announced Switzerland's accession to the Schengen passport-free zone from 12 December 2008. The land border checkpoints will remain in place only for goods movements, but should not run controls on people, though people entering the country had their passports checked until 29 March 2009 if they originated from a Schengen nation.[133]
On 9 February 2014, Swiss voters narrowly approved by 50.3% a ballot initiative launched by the national conservativeSwiss People's Party (SVP/UDC) to restrict immigration, and thus reintroducing a quota system on the influx of foreigners. This initiative was mostly backed by rural (57.6% approvals) and suburban agglomerations (51.2% approvals), and isolated towns (51.3% approvals) of Switzerland as well as by a strong majority (69.2% approval) in the canton of Ticino, while metropolitan centres (58.5% rejection) and the French-speaking part (58.5% rejection) of Switzerland rather rejected it.[134] Some news commentators claim that this proposal de facto contradicts the bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons from these respective countries.[135][136]
In December 2016, a compromise with the European Union was attained effectively canceling quotas on EU citizens but still allowing for favorable treatment of Swiss-based job applicants.[137]
Energy, infrastructure and environment
Electricity generated in Switzerland is 56% from hydroelectricity and 39% from nuclear power, resulting in a nearly CO2-free electricity-generating network. On 18 May 2003, two anti-nuclear initiatives were turned down: Moratorium Plus, aimed at forbidding the building of new nuclear power plants (41.6% supported and 58.4% opposed),[138] and Electricity Without Nuclear (33.7% supported and 66.3% opposed) after a previous moratorium expired in 2000.[139] However, as a reaction to the Fukushima nuclear disaster, the Swiss government announced in 2011 that it plans to end its use of nuclear energy in the next 2 or 3 decades.[140] In November 2016, Swiss voters rejected a proposal by the Green Party to accelerate the phaseout of nuclear power (45.8% supported and 54.2% opposed).[141] The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is the office responsible for all questions relating to energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC). The agency is supporting the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation's energy use by more than half by the year 2050.[142]
The most dense rail network in Europe[44] of 5,250 kilometres (3,260 mi) carries over 596 million passengers annually (as of 2015).[143] In 2015, each Swiss resident travelled on average 2,550 kilometres (1,580 mi) by rail, which makes them the keenest rail users.[143] Virtually 100% of the network is electrified. The vast majority (60%) of the network is operated by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS). Besides the second largest standard gauge railway company BLS AG two railways companies operating on narrow gauge networks are the Rhaetian Railway (RhB) in the southeastern canton of Graubünden, which includes some World Heritage lines,[144] and the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB), which co-operates together with RhB the Glacier Express between Zermatt and St. Moritz/Davos. On 31 May 2016 the world's longest and deepest railway tunnel and the first flat, low-level route through the Alps, the 57.1-kilometre long (35.5 mi) Gotthard Base Tunnel, opened as the largest part of the New Railway Link through the Alps (NRLA) project after 17 years of realization. It started its daily business for passenger transport on 11 December 2016 replacing the old, mountainous, scenic route over and through the St Gotthard Massif.
Switzerland has a publicly managed road network without road tolls that is financed by highway permits as well as vehicle and gasoline taxes. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute system requires the purchase of a vignette (toll sticker)—which costs 40 Swiss francs—for one calendar year in order to use its roadways, for both passenger cars and trucks. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute network has a total length of 1,638 km (1,018 mi) (as of 2000) and has, by an area of 41,290 km2 (15,940 sq mi), also one of the highest motorway densities in the world.[145]Zurich Airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway, which handled 22.8 million passengers in 2012.[146] The other international airports are Geneva Airport (13.9 million passengers in 2012),[147]EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg which is located in France, Bern Airport, Lugano Airport, St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport and Sion Airport. Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier of Switzerland. Its main hub is Zürich.
Switzerland has one of the best environmental records among nations in the developed world;[148] it was one of the countries to sign the Kyoto Protocol in 1998 and ratified it in 2003. With Mexico and the Republic of Korea it forms the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG).[149] The country is heavily active in recycling and anti-littering regulations and is one of the top recyclers in the world, with 66% to 96% of recyclable materials being recycled, depending on the area of the country.[150] The 2014 Global Green Economy Index ranked Switzerland among the top 10 green economies in the world.[151]
Switzerland developed an efficient system to recycle most recycable materials.[152] Publicly organised collection by volunteers and economical railway transport logistics started as early as 1865 under the leadership of the notable industrialist Hans Caspar Escher (Escher Wyss AG) when the first modern Swiss paper manufacturing plant was built in Biberist.[153]
Switzerland also has an economic system for garbage disposal, which is based mostly on recycling and energy-producing incinerators due to a strong political will to protect the environment.[154] As in other European countries, the illegal disposal of garbage is not tolerated at all and heavily fined. In almost all Swiss municipalities, stickers or dedicated garbage bags need to be purchased that allow for identification of disposable garbage.[155]
Demographics
In 2018, Switzerland's population slightly exceeded 8.5 million. In common with other developed countries, the Swiss population increased rapidly during the industrial era, quadrupling between 1800 and 1990. Growth has since stabilised, and like most of Europe, Switzerland faces an ageing population, albeit with consistent annual growth projected into 2035, due mostly to immigration and a fertility rate close to replacement level.[156]
In 2017 the average total fertility rate (TFR) across Switzerland was 1.52 children born per woman,[157] one of the lowest in the world, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 4.4 children born per woman in 1876.[158] Switzerland subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 42.5 years.[159]
As of 2012, resident foreigners made up 23.3% of the population, one of the largest proportions in the developed world.[160] Most of these (64%) were from European Union or EFTA countries.[161]Italians were the largest single group of foreigners, with 15.6% of total foreign population, followed closely by Germans (15.2%), immigrants from Portugal (12.7%), France (5.6%), Serbia (5.3%), Turkey (3.8%), Spain (3.7%), and Austria (2%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka, most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group among people of Asian origin (6.3%).[161]
Additionally, the figures from 2012 show that 34.7% of the permanent resident population aged 15 or over in Switzerland (around 2.33 million), had an immigrant background. A third of this population (853,000) held Swiss citizenship. Four fifths of persons with an immigration background were themselves immigrants (first generation foreigners and native-born and naturalised Swiss citizens), whereas one fifth were born in Switzerland (second generation foreigners and native-born and naturalised Swiss citizens).[162]
In the 2000s, domestic and international institutions expressed concern about what was perceived as an increase in xenophobia, particularly in some political campaigns. In reply to one critical report, the Federal Council noted that 'racism unfortunately is present in Switzerland', but stated that the high proportion of foreign citizens in the country, as well as the generally unproblematic integration of foreigners, underlined Switzerland's openness.[163]
Languages
National languages in Switzerland (2016):Switzerland has four national languages: mainly German (spoken by 62.8% of the population in 2016); French (22.9%) in the west; and Italian (8.2%) in the south.[165][164] The fourth national language, Romansh (0.5%), is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Grisons, and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German, French, and Italian, and in Article 70 as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh. However, federal laws and other official acts do not need to be decreed in Romansh.
In 2016, the languages most spoken at home among permanent residents aged 15 and older were Swiss German (59.4%), French (23.5%), Standard German (10.6%), and Italian (8.5%). Other languages spoken at home included English (5.0%), Portuguese (3.8%), Albanian (3.0%), Spanish (2.6%) and Serbian and Croatian (2.5%). 6.9% reported speaking another language at home.[166] In 2014 almost two-thirds (64.4%) of the permanent resident population indicated speaking more than one language regularly.[167]
The federal government is obliged to communicate in the official languages, and in the federal parliament simultaneous translation is provided from and into German, French and Italian.[168]
Aside from the official forms of their respective languages, the four linguistic regions of Switzerland also have their local dialectal forms. The role played by dialects in each linguistic region varies dramatically: in the German-speaking regions, Swiss German dialects have become ever more prevalent since the second half of the 20th century, especially in the media, such as radio and television, and are used as an everyday language for many, while the Swiss variety of Standard German is almost always used instead of dialect for written communication (c.f. diglossic usage of a language).[169] Conversely, in the French-speaking regions the local dialects have almost disappeared (only 6.3% of the population of Valais, 3.9% of Fribourg, and 3.1% of Jura still spoke dialects at the end of the 20th century), while in the Italian-speaking regions dialects are mostly limited to family settings and casual conversation.[169]
The principal official languages (German, French, and Italian) have terms, not used outside of Switzerland, known as Helvetisms. German Helvetisms are, roughly speaking, a large group of words typical of Swiss Standard German, which do not appear either in Standard German, nor in other German dialects. These include terms from Switzerland's surrounding language cultures (German Billett[170] from French), from similar terms in another language (Italian azione used not only as act but also as discount from German Aktion).[171] The French spoken in Switzerland has similar terms, which are equally known as Helvetisms. The most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms are in vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation, but certain Helvetisms denote themselves as special in syntax and orthography likewise. Duden, the comprehensive German dictionary, contains about 3000 Helvetisms.[171] Current French dictionaries, such as the Petit Larousse, include several hundred Helvetisms.[172]
Learning one of the other national languages at school is compulsory for all Swiss pupils, so many Swiss are supposed to be at least bilingual, especially those belonging to linguistic minority groups.[173]
Health
Swiss residents are universally required to buy health insurance from private insurance companies, which in turn are required to accept every applicant. While the cost of the system is among the highest, it compares well with other European countries in terms of health outcomes; patients have been reported as being, in general, highly satisfied with it.[174][175][176] In 2012, life expectancy at birth was 80.4 years for men and 84.7 years for women[177] — the highest in the world.[178][179] However, spending on health is particularly high at 11.4% of GDP (2010), on par with Germany and France (11.6%) and other European countries, but notably less than spending in the USA (17.6%).[180] From 1990, a steady increase can be observed, reflecting the high costs of the services provided.[181] With an ageing population and new healthcare technologies, health spending will likely continue to rise.[181]
Urbanisation
Between two thirds and three quarters of the population live in urban areas.[182][183] Switzerland has gone from a largely rural country to an urban one in just 70 years. Since 1935 urban development has claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the previous 2,000 years. This urban sprawl does not only affect the plateau but also the Jura and the Alpine foothills[184] and there are growing concerns about land use.[185] However, from the beginning of the 21st century, the population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside.[183]
Switzerland has a dense network of towns, where large, medium and small towns are complementary.[183] The plateau is very densely populated with about 450 people per km2 and the landscape continually shows signs of human presence.[186] The weight of the largest metropolitan areas, which are Zürich, Geneva–Lausanne, Basel and Bern tend to increase.[183] In international comparison the importance of these urban areas is stronger than their number of inhabitants suggests.[183] In addition the two main centres of Zürich and Geneva are recognised for their particularly great quality of life.[187]
Largest towns
Largest towns in Switzerland Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO), Neuchâtel, 2017[188] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Name | Canton | Pop. | Rank | Name | Canton | Pop. | ||
Zürich Geneva | 1 | Zürich | Zürich | 409,241 | 11 | Thun | Bern | 43,743 | Basel Lausanne |
2 | Geneva | Geneva | 200,548 | 12 | Köniz | Bern | 41,507 | ||
3 | Basel | Basel-Stadt | 177,275 | 13 | La Chaux-de-Fonds | Neuchâtel | 38,625 | ||
4 | Lausanne | Vaud | 138,905 | 14 | Fribourg | Fribourg | 38,521 | ||
5 | Bern | Bern | 133,798 | 15 | Schaffhausen | Schaffhausen | 36,332 | ||
6 | Winterthur | Zürich | 110,912 | 16 | Vernier | Geneva | 35,132 | ||
7 | Lucerne | Luzern | 81,401 | 17 | Chur | Graubünden | 35,038 | ||
8 | St. Gallen | St. Gallen | 75,522 | 18 | Sion | Valais | 34,599 | ||
9 | Lugano | Ticino | 63,494 | 19 | Uster | Zürich | 34,516 | ||
10 | Biel/Bienne | Bern | 54,640 | 20 | Neuchâtel | Neuchâtel | 33,578 |
Religion
Affiliation | % of Swiss population | |
---|---|---|
Christian faiths | 68 | |
Roman Catholic | 37.2 | |
Swiss Reformed | 25.0 | |
Eastern Orthodox | 2.3 | |
Evangelical Protestant | 1.2 | |
Lutheran | 1.0 | |
other Christian | 1.3 | |
Non-Christian faiths | 6.5 | |
Muslim | 5.1 | |
Buddhist | 0.5 | |
Hindu | 0.6 | |
Jewish | 0.2 | |
Other non-Christian faith | 0.3 | |
Unaffiliated | 24.0 |
Switzerland has no official state religion, though most of the cantons (except Geneva and Neuchâtel) recognise official churches, which are either the Roman Catholic Church or the Swiss Reformed Church. These churches, and in some cantons also the Old Catholic Church and Jewish congregations, are financed by official taxation of adherents.[190]
Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland (about 68% of resident population in 2016[189] and 75% of Swiss citizens[191]), divided between the Roman Catholic Church (37.2% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (25.0%), further Protestant churches (2.2%), Eastern Orthodoxy (around 2%), and other Christian denominations (1.3%).[189]Immigration has established Islam (5.1%) as a sizeable minority religion.[189]
24% of Swiss permanent residents are not affiliated with any church (Atheism, Agnosticism, and others).[189]
As of the 2000 census other Christian minority communities included Neo-Pietism (0.44%), Pentecostalism (0.28%, mostly incorporated in the Schweizer Pfingstmission), Methodism (0.13%), the New Apostolic Church (0.45%), Jehovah's Witnesses (0.28%), other Protestant denominations (0.20%), the Old Catholic Church (0.18%), other Christian denominations (0.20%). Non-Christian religions are Hinduism (0.38%), Buddhism (0.29%), Judaism (0.25%) and others (0.11%); 4.3% did not make a statement.[192]
The country was historically about evenly balanced between Catholic and Protestant, with a complex patchwork of majorities over most of the country. Switzerland played an exceptional role during the Reformation as it became home to many reformers. Geneva converted to Protestantism in 1536, just before John Calvin arrived there. In 1541, he founded the Republic of Geneva on his own ideals. It became known internationally as the Protestant Rome, and housed such reformers as Theodore Beza, William Farel or Pierre Viret. Zürichbecame another stronghold around the same time, with Huldrych Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger taking the lead there. Anabaptists Felix Manz and Conrad Grebel also operated there. They were later joined by the fleeing Peter Martyr Vermigli and Hans Denck. Other centres included Basel (Andreas Karlstadt and Johannes Oecolampadius), Berne (Berchtold Haller and Niklaus Manuel), and St. Gallen (Joachim Vadian). One canton, Appenzell, was officially divided into Catholic and Protestant sections in 1597. The larger cities and their cantons (Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Zürich and Basel) used to be predominantly Protestant. Central Switzerland, the Valais, the Ticino, Appenzell Innerrhodes, the Jura, and Fribourg are traditionally Catholic. The Swiss Constitution of 1848, under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs. Protestant cantons that culminated in the Sonderbundskrieg, consciously defines a consociational state, allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants. A 1980 initiative calling for the complete separation of church and state was rejected by 78.9% of the voters.[193] Some traditionally Protestant cantons and cities nowadays have a slight Catholic majority, not because they were growing in members, quite the contrary, but only because since about 1970 a steadily growing minority became not affiliated with any church or other religious body (21.4% in Switzerland, 2012) especially in traditionally Protestant regions, such as Basel-City (42%), canton of Neuchâtel (38%), canton of Geneva (35%), canton of Vaud (26%), or Zürich city (city: >25%; canton: 23%).[194]
Culture
Three of Europe's major languages are official in Switzerland. Swiss culture is characterised by diversity, which is reflected in a wide range of traditional customs.[195] A region may be in some ways strongly culturally connected to the neighbouring country that shares its language, the country itself being rooted in western European culture.[196] The linguistically isolated Romansh culture in Graubünden in eastern Switzerland constitutes an exception, it survives only in the upper valleys of the Rhine and the Inn and strives to maintain its rare linguistic tradition.
Switzerland is home to many notable contributors to literature, art, architecture, music and sciences. In addition the country attracted a number of creative persons during time of unrest or war in Europe.[197]Some 1000 museums are distributed through the country; the number has more than tripled since 1950.[198] Among the most important cultural performances held annually are the Paléo Festival, Lucerne Festival,[199] the Montreux Jazz Festival,[200] the Locarno International Film Festival and the Art Basel.[201]
Alpine symbolism has played an essential role in shaping the history of the country and the Swiss national identity.[12][202] Nowadays some concentrated mountain areas have a strong highly energetic ski resort culture in winter, and a hiking (ger: das Wandern) or Mountain biking culture in summer. Other areas throughout the year have a recreational culture that caters to tourism, yet the quieter seasons are spring and autumn when there are fewer visitors. A traditional farmer and herder culture also predominates in many areas and small farms are omnipresent outside the cities. Folk art is kept alive in organisations all over the country. In Switzerland it is mostly expressed in music, dance, poetry, wood carving and embroidery. The alphorn, a trumpet-like musical instrument made of wood, has become alongside yodeling and the accordion an epitome of traditional Swiss music.[203][204]
Literature
As the Confederation, from its foundation in 1291, was almost exclusively composed of German-speaking regions, the earliest forms of literature are in German. In the 18th century, French became the fashionable language in Bern and elsewhere, while the influence of the French-speaking allies and subject lands was more marked than before.[206]
Among the classic authors of Swiss German literature are Jeremias Gotthelf (1797–1854) and Gottfried Keller (1819–1890). The undisputed giants of 20th-century Swiss literature are Max Frisch (1911–91) and Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–90), whose repertoire includes Die Physiker (The Physicists) and Das Versprechen (The Pledge), released in 2001 as a Hollywood film.[207]
Famous French-speaking writers were Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) and Germaine de Staël (1766–1817). More recent authors include Charles Ferdinand Ramuz (1878–1947), whose novels describe the lives of peasants and mountain dwellers, set in a harsh environment and Blaise Cendrars (born Frédéric Sauser, 1887–1961).[207] Italian and Romansh-speaking authors also contributed to the Swiss literary landscape, but generally in more modest ways given their small number.
Probably the most famous Swiss literary creation, Heidi, the story of an orphan girl who lives with her grandfather in the Alps, is one of the most popular children's books ever and has come to be a symbol of Switzerland. Her creator, Johanna Spyri (1827–1901), wrote a number of other books on similar themes.[207]
Media
The freedom of the press and the right to free expression is guaranteed in the federal constitution of Switzerland.[208] The Swiss News Agency (SNA) broadcasts information around-the-clock in three of the four national languages—on politics, economics, society and culture. The SNA supplies almost all Swiss media and a couple dozen foreign media services with its news.[208]
Switzerland has historically boasted the greatest number of newspaper titles published in proportion to its population and size.[209] The most influential newspapers are the German-language Tages-Anzeiger and Neue Zürcher Zeitung NZZ, and the French-language Le Temps, but almost every city has at least one local newspaper. The cultural diversity accounts for a large number of newspapers.[209]
The government exerts greater control over broadcast media than print media, especially due to finance and licensing.[209] The Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, whose name was recently changed to SRG SSR, is charged with the production and broadcast of radio and television programmes. SRG SSR studios are distributed throughout the various language regions. Radio content is produced in six central and four regional studios while the television programmes are produced in Geneva, Zürich, and Lugano. An extensive cable network also allows most Swiss to access the programmes from neighbouring countries.[209]
Sports
Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports in Switzerland, the nature of the country being particularly suited for such activities.[210] Winter sports are practised by the natives and tourists since the second half of the 19th century with the invention of bobsleigh in St. Moritz.[211] The first world ski championships were held in Mürren (1931) and St. Moritz (1934). The latter town hosted the second Winter Olympic Games in 1928 and the fifth edition in 1948. Among the most successful skiers and world champions are Pirmin Zurbriggen and Didier Cuche.
The most prominently watched sports in Switzerland are football, ice hockey, Alpin skiing, 'Schwingen', and tennis.[212]
The headquarters of the international football's and ice hockey's governing bodies, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), are located in Zürich. Actually many other headquarters of international sports federations are located in Switzerland. For example, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), IOC's Olympic Museum and the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) are located in Lausanne.
Switzerland hosted the 1954 FIFA World Cup, and was the joint host, with Austria, of the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament. The Swiss Super League is the nation's professional football club league. Europe's highest football pitch, at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, is located in Switzerland and is named the Ottmar Hitzfeld Stadium.[213]
Many Swiss also follow ice hockey and support one of the 12 teams of the National League, which is the most attended league in Europe.[214] In 2009, Switzerland hosted the IIHF World Championship for the 10th time.[215] It also became World Vice-Champion in 2013 and 2018. The numerous lakes make Switzerland an attractive place for sailing. The largest, Lake Geneva, is the home of the sailing team Alinghi which was the first European team to win the America's Cup in 2003 and which successfully defended the title in 2007. Tennis has become an increasingly popular sport, and Swiss players such as Martina Hingis, Roger Federer, and Stanislas Wawrinka have won multiple Grand Slams.
Motorsport racecourses and events were banned in Switzerland following the 1955 Le Mans disaster with exception to events such as Hillclimbing. During this period, the country still produced successful racing drivers such as Clay Regazzoni, Sébastien Buemi, Jo Siffert, Dominique Aegerter, successful World Touring Car Championship driver Alain Menu, 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Marcel Fässler and 2015 24 Hours Nürburgring winner Nico Müller. Switzerland also won the A1GP World Cup of Motorsport in 2007–08 with driver Neel Jani. Swiss motorcycle racerThomas Lüthi won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category. In June 2007 the Swiss National Council, one house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, voted to overturn the ban, however the other house, the Swiss Council of States rejected the change and the ban remains in place.[217][218]
Traditional sports include Swiss wrestling or 'Schwingen'. It is an old tradition from the rural central cantons and considered the national sport by some. Hornussen is another indigenous Swiss sport, which is like a cross between baseball and golf.[219]Steinstossen is the Swiss variant of stone put, a competition in throwing a heavy stone. Practised only among the alpine population since prehistoric times, it is recorded to have taken place in Basel in the 13th century. It is also central to the Unspunnenfest, first held in 1805, with its symbol the 83.5 stone named Unspunnenstein.[220]
Cuisine
The cuisine of Switzerland is multifaceted. While some dishes such as fondue, raclette or rösti are omnipresent through the country, each region developed its own gastronomy according to the differences of climate and languages.[221][222] Traditional Swiss cuisine uses ingredients similar to those in other European countries, as well as unique dairy products and cheeses such as Gruyère or Emmental, produced in the valleys of Gruyères and Emmental. The number of fine-dining establishments is high, particularly in western Switzerland.[223][224]
Chocolate has been made in Switzerland since the 18th century but it gained its reputation at the end of the 19th century with the invention of modern techniques such as conching and tempering which enabled its production on a high quality level. Also a breakthrough was the invention of solid milk chocolate in 1875 by Daniel Peter. The Swiss are the world's largest consumers of chocolate.[225][226]
Due to the popularisation of processed foods at the end of the 19th century, Swiss health food pioneer Maximilian Bircher-Benner created the first nutrition-based therapy in form of the well-known rolled oatscereal dish, called Birchermüesli.
The most popular alcoholic drink in Switzerland is wine. Switzerland is notable for the variety of grapes grown because of the large variations in terroirs, with their specific mixes of soil, air, altitude and light. Swiss wine is produced mainly in Valais, Vaud (Lavaux), Geneva and Ticino, with a small majority of white wines. Vineyards have been cultivated in Switzerland since the Roman era, even though certain traces can be found of a more ancient origin. The most widespread varieties are the Chasselas (called Fendant in Valais) and Pinot noir. The Merlot is the main variety produced in Ticino.[227][228]
See also
- Switzerland – Wikipedia book
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ abBern is referred to as 'federal city' (German: Bundesstadt, French: ville fédérale, Italian: città federale). Swiss law does not designate a capital as such, but the federal parliament and government are located in Bern, while the federal courts are located in other cities.
- ^The original date of the Rütlischwur was 1307 (reported by Aegidius Tschudi in the 16th century) and is just one among several comparable treaties between more or less the same parties during that period. The date of the Federal Charter of 1291 was selected in 1891 for the official celebration of the 'Confederacy's 600th anniversary'.
- ^A solemn declaration of the Tagsatzung declared the Federal Constitution adopted on 12 September 1848. A resolution of the Tagsatzung of 14 September 1848 specified that the powers of the institutions provided for by the 1815 Federal Treaty would expire at the time of the constitution of the Federal Council, which took place on 16 November 1848.
- ^There are several definitions. See Geography of Switzerland#Western or Central Europe?.
- ^Swiss Standard German spelling and pronunciation. The Swiss German name is sometimes spelled as Schwyz or Schwiiz[ˈʃʋiːt͡s]. Schwyz is also the standard German (and international) name of one of the Swiss cantons.
- ^The latter is the common Sursilvan pronunciation.
- ^As shown in this image, the current members of the council are (as of January 2016, from left to right): Federal Councillor Alain Berset, Federal Councillor Didier Burkhalter, Vice-President Doris Leuthard, President Johann Schneider-Ammann, Federal Councillor Ueli Maurer, Federal Councillor Simonetta Sommaruga, Federal Councillor Guy Parmelin and Federal Chancellor Corina Casanova
- ^Since 1999, an initiative can also be in the form of a general proposal to be elaborated by Parliament, but because it is considered less attractive for various reasons, this form of initiative has yet to find any use.
- ^That is a majority of 23 cantonal votes, because the result of the popular vote in the six traditional half-cantons each counts as half the vote of one of the other cantons.
- ^In 2008, the ETH Zürich was ranked 15th in the field Natural Sciences and Mathematics by the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities and the EPFL in Lausanne was ranked 18th in the field Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences by the same ranking.
- ^Nobel prizes in non-science categories included.
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Als 1848 ein politisch-administratives Zentrum für den neuen Bundesstaat zu bestimmen war, verzichteten die Verfassungsväter darauf, eine Hauptstadt der Schweiz zu bezeichnen und formulierten stattdessen in Artikel 108: «Alles, was sich auf den Sitz der Bundesbehörden bezieht, ist Gegenstand der Bundesgesetzgebung.» Die Bundesstadt ist also nicht mehr und nicht weniger als der Sitz der Bundesbehörden.
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Mehrheitliche 91 Prozent sind mit 'ihrem' Hausarzt mehr oder weniger dezidiert zufrieden.
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Wie es um die Kundenzufriedenheit in der Branche generell steht, zeigt eine 2013 im Auftrag von «K-Tipp» durchgeführte repräsentative Umfrage unter Versicherten, die in den vergangenen zwei Jahren Leistungen von ihrer Krankenkasse in Anspruch genommen haben. Beim Testsieger Concordia waren rund 73% der Versicherten «sehr zufrieden». Bei grossen Krankenkassen wie der CSS und Helsana betrug dieser Anteil 70% beziehungsweise 63%. Groupe Mutuel erreichte rund 50%, und die Billigkasse Assura kam auf 44%. Dies illustriert, dass die Zufriedenheit durchaus hoch ist – dass es aber auch Potenzial für Effizienzsteigerungen bei Krankenkassen gibt.
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Nonton Running Man Sub Indo 410 2017
Bibliography
- Church, Clive H. (2004) The Politics and Government of Switzerland. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN0-333-69277-2.
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- Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (2002–). Published electronically and in print simultaneously in three national languages of Switzerland.
External links
- Switzerland at Curlie
Coordinates: 46°50′N8°20′E / 46.833°N 8.333°E
Running Man | |
---|---|
Original title | 런닝맨 |
Genre | |
Created by |
|
Starring |
|
Country of origin | South Korea |
Original language(s) | Korean |
No. of episodes | 453 (as of May 26, 2019) (list of episodes) |
Production | |
Producer(s) |
|
Production location(s) | South Korea, Thailand, China, Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnam, Australia, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Indonesia, Japan, Mongolia, Russia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Switzerland |
Camera setup | Multi-camera setup |
Running time | 80–95 minutes per episode |
Production company(s) | Urban Works Media |
Distributor | SBS |
Release | |
Original network | SBS |
Picture format | |
Audio format | |
Original release | July 11, 2010 – Present |
Chronology | |
Related shows | Good Sunday Keep Running |
External links | |
Website |
Korean name | |
Hangul | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization | Reonning maen |
McCune–Reischauer | Rŏnning man |
Running Man (Korean: 런닝맨) is a South Koreanvariety show, forming part of SBS's Good Sunday lineup. It first aired on July 11, 2010.
Running Man was classified as an 'urban action variety'; a genre of variety shows in an urban environment.[1] The MCs and guests were to complete missions at a landmark to win the race.[2] The show has since shifted to a more familiar reality-variety show concept focused on games. It has garnered attention as being the comeback program for Yoo Jae-suk, the main MC of the program, after leaving Good Sunday's Family Outing in February 2010.[3]
The show has become popular in other parts of Asia, and has gained online popularity among Hallyu fans, having been fansubbed into various languages, such as English, Persian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Thai, Vietnamese, Chinese, Malay, Indonesian, Burmese, Arabic, Russian, and Turkish.[4][5]
The show has made it to the list of Business Insider's 20 TV Shows of 2016.[6]
Since April 2017, Running Man is airing as the first part of Good Sunday at 4:50 pm KST and competing against KBS2's The Return of Superman and MBC's King of Mask Singer.[7]Running Man previously aired at 6:25 pm KST on Sundays, as the second part of Good Sunday, competing against KBS2's 1 Night 2 Days.
- 1Format
- 2Personnel
- 8Other works
- 9Controversy
Format[edit]
Current[edit]
As of episode 48, the members have taken part in a series of missions to become the winner(s) at the end of the race. Missions form the basis of Running Man as members try to avoid punishment in earlier episodes or to win prizes. Multiple missions are presented in each episode, with the highlight of Running Man being race missions. The format of the show has veered away from the 'race mission + others' to 'one continuous race + missions'.
Previous[edit]
Ep(s) | Airdate(s) | Notes |
---|---|---|
1 | July 11, 2010 | The MCs and guests were locked in a landmark during closed hours and were required to leave before opening hours. In the first episode, they were divided into two teams and raced to find the codes hidden within the landmark that were required to unlock the main doors.[8] With a total of 5 numbers, after one was found, a game was played to determine which team would start first in the next race, and the losing team received a punishment while the other team was given a head start. After all the numbers had been found by either of the teams, they approached the main door and entered the code which they believed was correct. The exact team was allowed to leave the landmark while the losing team was required to complete a punishment inside the landmark.[9] |
2–5 | July 18, 2010 – August 8, 2010 | The second episode to the fifth episode, both teams competed to find golden pigs filled with money that was hidden within the landmark and participated in games in the attempt to win more money. At the end of each episode, the team with the most money was declared the winner and was allowed to leave the landmark while the losing team received a punishment. The money collected by the teams was donated in the winning team's honor. Viewers could vote on the official Running Man homepage on who they believed would be the winning team, and a lucky audience who guessed correctly was allowed to have his/her name included in the donation.[10] |
6–10 | August 15, 2010 – September 12, 2010 | Episodes 6 to 10, a consistent game format was used where both teams competed to obtain the most Running Man Balls (shortened to Running Balls in future episodes). Running Balls were awarded to the team that found a ball, and were also given to individuals who won a game, who received a Running Ball of their team's color (blue or red).[11] Each of the games and races was referred to as missions, and were as follows:
At the end of each episode, the Running Man Balls collected throughout the night were placed into a lottery machine, and the color of the first ball ejected determined the winning team for the evening. The losing team was required to commute home using public transportation while undertaking an embarrassing punishment. |
11–25 | September 19, 2010 – January 9, 2011 | As of the eleventh episode, the Running Man members and guests were no longer split into two main teams except for during the race mission, with smaller teams or individual game-play being used during the other missions. Everyone individually earned Running Balls throughout the missions and the balls selected during the lottery machine segment represented the individuals who were the winners for the night. The format of missions was also changed:
As of the eighteenth episode, only those who had earned no Running Balls at all throughout the night were the ones to be punished. |
26–43 | January 16, 2011 – May 15, 2011 | Beginning with the twenty-sixth episode, the race mission, Bells Hide and Seek, was replaced with a Find the Guests mission. The MCs and guests were locked inside a landmark and were required to earn Running Balls for a chance to escape punishment. Through a series of missions, the Running Man members were divided into teams and/or individually earned Running Balls. The format for the missions in episodes 26 to 43 were:
If there were many members with no Running Balls, they were automatically punished and no lottery was conducted. Additionally, if the members succeeded in the One Chance mission, they were all relieved of the punishment regardless of how many Running Balls each of them possessed. As of episode 38 and onwards, there were some episodes which included spy/spies. These spies could either be part of the cast, guest, or both. |
44–47 | May 22, 2011 – June 12, 2011 | From episodes 44 to 47, staff (of the landmark location involved in the game) voted for who they believed would be the overall winner of the games and became supporters of that member/team. Teams were decided by the winner of the race mission, who received the first Running Ball, and the two teams then competed for more Running Balls throughout missions spread over two days (two episodes). The format for the missions was as follows:
The team with the most Running Balls was declared the winner and their supporters received a bonus from their boss. |
119, 131, 144 | November 11, 2012; February 3, 2013; May 5, 2013 | In these episodes, the members would arrive at the starting venue separately. An announcer would announce that 'The XX Running Man is entering the arena'. This announcement would include the guests for the day. After all the guest were introduced, the announcer would immediately announce their first mission. The race would officially begin after the first mission ends. The winner of the first mission would be given an advantage to his/her team in the race. The format for the missions are as follows:
|
Personnel[edit]
Production staff[edit]
The staff run the games, often showing up on cameras either by actively participating in the game or influencing the outcome of various missions. This includes the personal cameramen (VJs), production directors (PDs), floor directors (FDs), stylists, boom operators, etc.
Chief producer, Nam Seung-yong, is responsible for the production of the program, with PD Jo Hyo-jin, Im Hyung-taek, and Kim Joo-hyung[13] mainly responsible for the directing and production of the recordings of the program since inception. Other PDs have joined the program to assist as the program shifts from a single landmark to multiple locations for recording, notably Hwang Seon-man and Lee Hwan-jin. FD Go Dong-wan assists in the recordings of the program and is known to be shown on camera many times, as well as delivering and assisting the members in missions. Producer Kim Joo-hyung has left the show as of episode 182 as he was reassigned to Inkigayo.[14]
Each member has their own personal cameramen who follow them around exclusively during recordings. Notable cameramen include Ryu Kwon-ryeol (Yoo Jae-suk's primary VJ), Kim Yoo-seok (Ji Suk-jin's primary VJ), Choi Yoon-sang (Lee Kwang-soo's primary VJ), Yoon Sung-yong (Haha's primary VJ), Sung Gyu (Song Ji-hyo's primary VJ), Jo Seong-Oh (Gary's primary VJ, now Yang Se-chan's primary VJ), Kim Ki-jin (Kim Jong-kook's primary VJ), and Kim Si-yeon (Jeon So-min's primary VJ)
On November 19, 2014, the show's head director, Jo Hyo-jin, announced his departure from the show after working with the members for four years.[15]
On March 20, 2016, the show's main PD, Im Hyung-taek left the show (as of episode 291) as he became the producer of Hurry Up, Brother, resulting in new generation PDs to take over, notably PD Lee Hwan-jin, PD Jung Chul-min, and PD Park Yong-woo.[16] FD Go Dong-wan also announced his leave via his Instagram.[17]
On July 3, 2016, SBS confirmed the return of producer Kim Joo-hyung to the show.[18] That same month, it is confirmed that he will be the new main PD of the show.[19] However, it didn't last long as PD Kim Joo-hyung announced that he is leaving the show shortly after. Subsequently, PD Lee Hwan-jin has taken over as the main PD of Running Man until March 2017. As of April 2017, Running Man main PD is Jeong Cheol-min.[20]In July 2018, PD Jeong Cheol-min took a break and PD Lee Hwan-jin would temporarily take over as main PD of the show.[21] PD Jeong Cheol-min returned to the show as main PD in May 2019 after taking a break and producing two seasons of SBS show Village Survival, the Eight, while PD Lee Hwan-jun takes a break.
Guests with the most appearances[edit]
During its run, some of the guests were occasionally featured or invited to the show. These guests were notable for their constant appearances and were often considered to be the '8th/9th/10th Running Man'. The following list is the list of the guests who appeared the most often as of 26 May 2019.
Position | Name | No. of episodes | Episodes | Occupation |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hong Jin-young | 16 | 205, 221, 266, 299, 357, 392–396, 399–400, 406–408, 442 | Singer |
2 | Lee Sang-yeob | 15 | 381, 390–396, 399–400, 406–408, 415, 453 | Actor |
3 | Kang Han-na | 14 | 343, 380, 392–396, 399–400, 406–408, 426-427 | Actress |
4 | Jung Yong-hwa | 12 | 7, 11, 17, 35–36, 72–73, 104, 127, 129, 186, 242 | Member of CNBlue |
Lee Da-hee | 388–389, 392–396, 399–400, 406–408 | Actress | ||
5 | Nichkhun | 11 | 4–5, 19, 40, 50–51, 104, 195, 248, 256, 306 | Member of 2PM |
6 | Park Ji-sung | 9 | 96–97, 152–154, 199–200, 283–284 | Former soccer player |
Seung-ri | 30, 84–85, 163, 190, 250, 416–417, 436 | Former member of Big Bang | ||
7 | Suzy | 8 | 55, 93–94, 117, 155, 172–173, 208 | Former member of Miss A |
Son Na-eun | 162, 202–203, 356–357, 360–361, 424 | Member of Apink |
List of episodes[edit]
Year | Episodes | Originally aired | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First aired | Last aired | ||||
2010 | 23 | July 11, 2010 | December 26, 2010 | ||
2011 | 51 | January 2, 2011 | December 25, 2011 | ||
2012 | 52 | January 1, 2012 | December 30, 2012 | ||
2013 | 52 | January 6, 2013 | December 29, 2013 | ||
2014 | 49 | January 5, 2014 | December 28, 2014 | ||
2015 | 52 | January 4, 2015 | December 27, 2015 | ||
2016 | 52 | January 3, 2016 | December 25, 2016 | ||
2017 | 52 | January 1, 2017 | December 31, 2017 | ||
2018 | 49 | January 7, 2018 | December 30, 2018 | ||
2019 | TBA | January 6, 2019 | December 29, 2019 |
List of guests[edit]
Many guests have taken part in Running Man. The following is a compilation of guests and the number of times they have been on the show.With regards to guest-turned-members (Song Ji-hyo, Jeon So-min, Yang Se-chan) or former members of the show (Lizzy, Song Joong-ki, Gary), only the times they were a guest are counted. The guests were sorted according to their appearances and the number of episodes appeared.
Guest | Episode(s) | No. of episodes | No. of appearances |
---|---|---|---|
Hong Jin-young | 205, 221, 266, 299, 356–357, 392–396, 399–400, 406–408, 442 | 16 | 9 |
Lee Sang-yeob | 381, 390–396, 399–400, 406–408, 415, 453 | 15 | 9 |
Kang Han-na | 343, 380, 392–396, 399–400, 406–408, 426–427 | 14 | 8 |
Jung Yong-hwa (CNBLUE) | 7, 11, 17, 35–36, 72–73, 104, 127, 129, 186, 242 | 12 | 10 |
Lee Da-hee | 388–389, 392–396, 399–400, 406–408 | 12 | 6 |
Nichkhun (2PM) | 4–5, 19, 40, 50-51, 104, 195, 248, 256, 306 | 11 | 9 |
Seung-ri (Big Bang) | 30, 84–85, 163, 190, 250, 416–417, 436 | 9 | 7 |
Park Ji-sung | 96–97, 152–154, 199–200, 283–284 | 9 | 4 |
Suzy (Miss A) | 55, 93–94, 117, 155, 172–173, 208 | 8 | 6 |
Son Na-eun (Apink) | 162, 202–203, 356–357, 360–361, 424 | 8 | 5 |
Lee Joon | 8, 95, 104, 108, 129, 162, 320 | 7 | 7 |
Kim Kwang-kyu | 15, 32, 159, 176, 271–272, 274 | 7 | 6 |
Noh Sa-yeon | 49, 103, 137, 313, 374–375, 415 | 7 | 6 |
Kim Woo-bin | 138, 166, 188–189, 191, 225, 240 | 7 | 6 |
Lee Chun-hee | 2–3, 76–77, 226, 269, 339 | 7 | 5 |
Jo Se-ho | 305, 360–361, 367–368, 374–375 | 7 | 4 |
Park Seo-joon | 184, 198, 246, 263, 295, 362 | 6 | 6 |
Goo Ha-ra | 2–3, 49, 122, 388-389 | 6 | 5 |
Park Soo-hong | 179–180, 207, 220, 274, 321 | 6 | 5 |
Dae-sung (Big Bang) | 35–36, 84–85, 163, 250 | 6 | 4 |
Sulli | 55, 75, 129, 152–154 | 6 | 4 |
Lee Dong-wook | 133–134, 136, 179–180, 263 | 6 | 3 |
Lim Ju-hwan | 192–194, 266, 271–272 | 6 | 3 |
Heo Kyung-hwan | 202–203, 339, 390-392 | 6 | 3 |
Kim Je-dong | 11, 21, 79, 106, 207 | 5 | 5 |
Choi Min-ho (Shinee) | 75, 129, 201, 254, 323 | 5 | 5 |
Go Ara | 80, 139, 298, 437 | 5 | 5 |
Eun Ji-won (Sechs Kies) | 141, 209, 252, 326, 383 | 5 | 5 |
Chansung (2PM) | 150, 162, 195, 201, 256 | 5 | 5 |
Bo-ra (Sistar) | 174, 201, 255, 307, 409 | 5 | 5 |
So-you (Sistar) | 209, 255, 307, 366, 383 | 5 | 5 |
Kim Su-ro | 9, 67–68, 138, 262 | 5 | 4 |
Uee (After School) | 34, 137, 249, 271–272 | 5 | 4 |
Taecyeon (2PM) | 40, 150, 234–235, 256 | 5 | 4 |
IU | 43, 77, 96–97, 168 | 5 | 4 |
Hyo-rin (Sistar) | 75, 162, 307, 348–349 | 5 | 4 |
Junho (2PM) | 151–152, 195, 240, 256 | 5 | 4 |
Kim Jun-hyun | 249, 271–272, 305, 323 | 5 | 4 |
Yuri (Girls' Generation) | 16, 63–64, 254, 363 | 5 | 4 |
Yoona (Girls' Generation) | 39, 63–64, 254, 363 | 5 | 4 |
Taeyeon (Girls' Generation) | 63–64, 112, 254, 363 | 5 | 4 |
Yoon Bo-mi (Apink) | 202–203, 255, 344, 372 | 5 | 4 |
Seolhyun (AOA) | 210, 255, 278–279, 402 | 5 | 4 |
Jung Il-woo | 242, 283, 289–290, 437 | 5 | 4 |
Jang Do-yeon | 244, 323, 347–348, 419 | 5 | 4 |
Jessica | 4–5, 63–64, 141 | 5 | 3 |
Ji Sung | 54, 116–117, 202–203 | 5 | 3 |
Ji Jin-hee | 76–77, 116–117, 308 | 5 | 3 |
Lee Seung-gi | 120–121, 174, 228–229 | 5 | 3 |
Han Hye-jin | 133–134, 136, 174, 317 | 5 | 3 |
Andy (Shinhwa) | 160–161, 236, 278–279 | 5 | 3 |
Yoo Byung-jae | 243, 312, 390-392 | 5 | 3 |
Kim Ji-min | 278–279, 377, 416–417 | 5 | 3 |
Sung Hoon | 317, 367–368, 431–432 | 5 | 3 |
Lee Elijah | 367–368, 383, 416–417 | 5 | 3 |
Lee Jong-hyun (CNBLUE) | 127, 129, 138, 186 | 4 | 4 |
Jo Jung-chi (Shinchireem) | 159, 195, 274, 312 | 4 | 4 |
Wooyoung (2PM) | 162, 195, 210, 256 | 4 | 4 |
Kang Ha-neul | 190, 240, 314, 362 | 4 | 4 |
Hong Jong-hyun | 230, 243, 314, 436 | 4 | 4 |
Song Eun-yi | 24, 149, 211–212 | 4 | 3 |
Park Ye-jin | 37, 67–68, 241 | 4 | 3 |
Choi Min-soo | 52–53, 69, 118 | 4 | 3 |
Shin Se-kyung | 57–58, 103, 241 | 4 | 3 |
Hyoyeon (Girls' Generation) | 63–64, 254, 363 | 4 | 3 |
Joo Sang-wook | 76–77, 169, 219 | 4 | 3 |
G-Dragon (Big Bang) | 84–85, 163, 250 | 4 | 3 |
T.O.P (Big Bang) | 84–85, 170, 250 | 4 | 3 |
Ryu Hyun-jin | 119, 172–173, 227 | 4 | 3 |
Park Shin-hye | 120–121, 166, 304 | 4 | 3 |
John Park | 159, 179–180, 265 | 4 | 3 |
Sung-kyu (Infinite) | 162, 179–180, 201 | 4 | 3 |
Kim Kyung-ho | 179–180, 221, 312 | 4 | 3 |
Park Joon-hyung (g.o.d) | 248, 260–261, 272 | 4 | 3 |
Sooyoung (Girls' Generation) | 254, 363, 431–432 | 4 | 3 |
Lee Ha-neul (DJ Doc) | 260–261, 272, 319 | 4 | 3 |
Yoon Park | 268, 271–272, 345 | 4 | 3 |
Joy (Red Velvet) | 268, 376, 426-427 | 4 | 3 |
Hwang Chi-yeul | 272, 409, 431–432 | 4 | 3 |
Song Ji-hyo | 2–3, 4–5 | 4 | 2 |
Kim Min-jong | 22, 192–194 | 4 | 2 |
Lee Da-hae | 82–83, 289–290 | 4 | 2 |
Han Hyo-joo | 123–124, 151–152 | 4 | 2 |
Lee Si-young | 131, 429–431 | 4 | 2 |
Rain | 188–189, 191, 214 | 4 | 2 |
Ryu Seung-soo | 192–194, 204 | 4 | 2 |
Kim Dong-jun (ZE:A) | 192–194, 236 | 4 | 2 |
Im Seulong | 211–212, 271–272 | 4 | 2 |
Byul | 251, 429–431 | 4 | 2 |
Kim Soo-young | 271–272, 360–361 | 4 | 2 |
Park Geun-sik | 271–272, 360–361 | 4 | 2 |
B.I (iKon) | 278–279, 416–417 | 4 | 2 |
Bobby (iKon) | 278–279, 416–417 | 4 | 2 |
Sunmi | 367–368, 416–417 | 4 | 2 |
Seol In-ah | 388-389, 426-427 | 4 | 2 |
Park Jun-gyu | 8, 34, 90 | 3 | 3 |
Shin Bong-sun | 9, 43, 56 | 3 | 3 |
Lizzy (After School) | 13, 14, 292 | 3 | 3 |
Heechul (Super Junior) | 20, 207, 275 | 3 | 3 |
Choi Si-won (Super Junior) | 22, 75, 135 | 3 | 3 |
Park Bo-young | 25, 181, 269 | 3 | 3 |
Sunny (Girls' Generation) | 39, 254, 363 | 3 | 3 |
Kim Sook | 56, 149, 272 | 3 | 3 |
Gaeko (Dynamic Duo) | 59, 86, 107 | 3 | 3 |
Im Soo-hyang | 80, 422, 453 | 3 | 3 |
Park Sang-myun | 90, 125, 159 | 3 | 3 |
Yoon Jong-shin | 101, 195, 312 | 3 | 3 |
Si-wan (ZE:A) | 104, 182, 282 | 3 | 3 |
Eunhyuk (Super Junior) | 104, 266, 376 | 3 | 3 |
Kwang-hee (ZE:A) | 129, 236, 272 | 3 | 3 |
Lee Kyung-kyu | 143, 305, 317 | 3 | 3 |
Sandara Park (2NE1) | 156, 195, 345 | 3 | 3 |
Yu-ra (Girl's Day) | 162, 263, 322 | 3 | 3 |
Muzie | 176, 195, 272 | 3 | 3 |
Lee Guk-joo | 205, 255, 405 | 3 | 3 |
Kim Min-kyo | 220, 262, 272 | 3 | 3 |
Leeteuk (Super Junior) | 221, 275, 376 | 3 | 3 |
Kyung Soo-jin | 224, 299, 380 | 3 | 3 |
Hani (EXID) | 237, 275, 448 | 3 | 3 |
Kim Dong-hyun | 239, 305, 317 | 3 | 3 |
Jang Su-won (Sechs Kies) | 243, 326, 383 | 3 | 3 |
Hong Jin-ho | 257, 275, 292 | 3 | 3 |
Park Na-rae | 268, 272, 321 | 3 | 3 |
Chae-young (Twice) | 302, 328, 398, 428 | 4 | 4 |
Da-hyun (Twice) | 302, 328, 398, 428 | 4 | 4 |
Jeong-yeon (Twice) | 302, 328, 398, 428 | 4 | 4 |
Ji-hyo (Twice) | 302, 328, 398, 428 | 4 | 4 |
Mina (Twice) | 302, 328 398, 428 | 4 | 4 |
Momo (Twice) | 302, 328, 398, 428 | 4 | 4 |
Na-yeon (Twice) | 302, 328, 398, 428 | 4 | 4 |
Sana (Twice) | 302, 328, 398, 428 | 4 | 4 |
Tzuyu (Twice) | 302, 328 398, 428 | 4 | 4 |
Jennie (Blackpink) | 330, 409, 413 | 3 | 3 |
Cha Tae-hyun | 10, 57–58 | 3 | 2 |
Kim Min-jung | 50–51, 167 | 3 | 2 |
Kim Joo-hyuk | 61–62, 65 | 3 | 2 |
Lee Yeon-hee | 61–62, 139 | 3 | 2 |
Seohyun (Girls' Generation) | 63–64, 254 | 3 | 2 |
Taeyang (Big Bang) | 84–85, 250 | 3 | 2 |
Hyuna (4Minute) | 93–94, 132 | 3 | 2 |
Krystal (f(x)) | 93–94, 214 | 3 | 2 |
Son Yeon-jae | 109–110, 322 | 3 | 2 |
Juvie Train (Buga Kingz) | 125, 271–272 | 3 | 2 |
Jeon Hye-bin | 145, 431–432 | 3 | 2 |
Jung Doo-hong | 150, 271–272 | 3 | 2 |
Eric (Shinhwa) | 160–161, 236 | 3 | 2 |
Jun Jin (Shinhwa) | 160–161, 236 | 3 | 2 |
Lee Min-woo (Shinhwa) | 160–161, 236 | 3 | 2 |
Shin Hye-sung (Shinhwa) | 160–161, 236 | 3 | 2 |
Kim Ji-seok | 190, 446-447 | 3 | 2 |
Ha Yeon-soo | 198, 374–375 | 3 | 2 |
Fei (Miss A) | 205, 234–235 | 3 | 2 |
Baek Ji-young | 205, 367–368 | 3 | 2 |
Kim Won-hyo | 210, 271–272 | 3 | 2 |
Seo Woo | 213, 234–235 | 3 | 2 |
Kim Ki-bang | 214, 271–272 | 3 | 2 |
Jo Jin-woong | 217, 303–304 | 3 | 2 |
Oh Yeon-seo | 218, 310–311 | 3 | 2 |
Hwang Seung-eon | 253, 367–368 | 3 | 2 |
Park Ha-na | 253, 431–432 | 3 | 2 |
Hyun Joo-yup | 257, 271–272 | 3 | 2 |
Stephanie (The Grace) | 268, 278–279 | 3 | 2 |
M. TySON | 271–272, 319 | 3 | 2 |
Ma Ah-sung | 271–272, 319 | 3 | 2 |
Kwon Yul | 303–304, 437 | 3 | 2 |
Ha Jae-sook | 310–311, 313 | 3 | 2 |
Cheon Sung-moon (Song Ji-hyo's brother) | 360–361, 401 | 3 | 2 |
Irene (Red Velvet) | 376, 426-427 | 3 | 2 |
Kim Jung-nan | 192–194 | 3 | 1 |
Lee Sang-hwa | 192–194 | 3 | 1 |
Oh Man-seok | 192–194 | 3 | 1 |
Shorry J (Mighty Mouth) | 390–392 | 3 | 1 |
Son Dam-bi | 6, 405 | 2 | 2 |
Eun-jung (T-ara) | 7, 104 | 2 | 2 |
Lee Hong-gi (F.T. Island) | 9, 242 | 2 | 2 |
Jang Dong-min | 13, 220 | 2 | 2 |
Tony An | 15, 32 | 2 | 2 |
Max Changmin (TVXQ) | 27, 115 | 2 | 2 |
U-Know Yunho (TVXQ) | 27, 115 | 2 | 2 |
Kim Byung-man | 28, 145 | 2 | 2 |
Oh Ji-ho | 33, 83 | 2 | 2 |
Ahn Mun-sook | 56, 313 | 2 | 2 |
Simon Dominic (Supreme Team) | 59, 127 | 2 | 2 |
Yoon Do-hyun | 79, 101 | 2 | 2 |
Chun Jung-myung | 92, 167 | 2 | 2 |
Kim Soo-hyun | 102, 147 | 2 | 2 |
Yoon Doo-joon (Beast) | 104, 162 | 2 | 2 |
Jeon Mi-seon | 113, 158 | 2 | 2 |
Yoo Hae-jin | 113, 320 | 2 | 2 |
Jin Se-yeon | 119, 198 | 2 | 2 |
Lee Gi-kwang (Beast) | 127, 162 | 2 | 2 |
L (Infinite) | 129, 162 | 2 | 2 |
Choo Sung-hoon | 131, 150 | 2 | 2 |
Hwang Jung-min | 132, 258 | 2 | 2 |
Lee Jong-suk | 138, 181 | 2 | 2 |
Lee Sang-yoon | 142, 190 | 2 | 2 |
Ryu Hyun-kyung | 143, 272 | 2 | 2 |
Seo Jang-hoon | 144, 309 | 2 | 2 |
Uhm Jung-hwa | 146, 183 | 2 | 2 |
Lee Hyun-woo | 147, 225 | 2 | 2 |
CL (2NE1) | 156, 195 | 2 | 2 |
Minzy (2NE1) | 156, 195 | 2 | 2 |
Park Bom (2NE1) | 156, 195 | 2 | 2 |
Kim Hee-won | 157, 269 | 2 | 2 |
Ahn Gil-kang | 157, 287 | 2 | 2 |
Son Hyun-joo | 158, 246 | 2 | 2 |
Jung-in | 159, 221 | 2 | 2 |
Min-ah (Girl's Day) | 162, 198 | 2 | 2 |
Jung Eun-ji (Apink) | 162, 218 | 2 | 2 |
Da-som (Sistar) | 162, 307 | 2 | 2 |
Lee Se-young | 181, 343 | 2 | 2 |
Yeo Jin-goo | 182, 302 | 2 | 2 |
Son Ho-jun | 184, 243 | 2 | 2 |
Kang Min-hyuk (CNBLUE) | 186, 201 | 2 | 2 |
Jun. K (2PM) | 195, 256 | 2 | 2 |
Narsha (Brown Eyed Girls) | 198, 221 | 2 | 2 |
Moon Hee-joon (H.O.T.) | 209, 317 | 2 | 2 |
Yoo In-young | 213, 299 | 2 | 2 |
Lee Yoo-ri | 213, 436 | 2 | 2 |
Jo Jung-suk | 215, 327 | 2 | 2 |
Kim Sung-kyun | 217, 298 | 2 | 2 |
Kangnam (M.I.B) | 220, 248 | 2 | 2 |
Kyuhyun (Super Junior) | 221, 265 | 2 | 2 |
Lee Sung-kyung | 224, 304 | 2 | 2 |
Jeon So-min | 224, 343 | 2 | 2 |
Choi Tae-joon | 230, 343 | 2 | 2 |
Niel (Teen Top) | 233, 274 | 2 | 2 |
Ye Ji-won | 238, 322 | 2 | 2 |
Jessi (Lucky J) | 244, 252 | 2 | 2 |
Jinu (Jinusean) | 245, 272 | 2 | 2 |
Hae-ryung (Bestie) | 253, 319 | 2 | 2 |
Tiffany (Girls' Generation) | 254, 363 | 2 | 2 |
Wax | 272, 292 | 2 | 2 |
Zizo | 272, 319 | 2 | 2 |
Mingyu (Seventeen) | 272, 448 | 2 | 2 |
Seungkwan (Seventeen) | 272, 448 | 2 | 2 |
Hong Yoon-hwa (People Looking for a Laugh) | 273, 319 | 2 | 2 |
Lee Eun-hyung (People Looking for a Laugh) | 273, 319 | 2 | 2 |
Lim Ji-yeon | 281, 320 | 2 | 2 |
Park Mi-sun | 287, 322 | 2 | 2 |
Song Min-ho (Winner) | 294, 402 | 2 | 2 |
Lee Ki-woo | 306, 309 | 2 | 2 |
Kyung-ri (Nine Muses) | 306, 405 | 2 | 2 |
Shownu (Monsta X) | 307, 319 | 2 | 2 |
Kim Se-jeong (Gugudan) | 313, 377 | 2 | 2 |
Yang Se-chan | 321, 323 | 2 | 2 |
Gary (Leessang) | 325, 336 | 2 | 2 |
Kang Sung-hoon (Sechs Kies) | 326, 383 | 2 | 2 |
Kim Jae-duc (Sechs Kies) | 326, 383 | 2 | 2 |
Lee Jai-jin (Sechs Kies) | 326, 383 | 2 | 2 |
Jisoo (Blackpink) | 330, 409 | 2 | 2 |
Han Eun-jung | 409, 442 | 2 | 2 |
Lee Dong-hwi | 435, 450 | 2 | 2 |
Jang Hyuk | 44–45 | 2 | 1 |
Kim Hyun-joong (SS501) | 46–47 | 2 | 1 |
Kang Ji-young | 61–62 | 2 | 1 |
Kim Suna | 65–66 | 2 | 1 |
Lee Min-jung | 72–73 | 2 | 1 |
Kim Sung-soo | 76–77 | 2 | 1 |
BoA | 88–89 | 2 | 1 |
Jung Jae-hyung | 88–89 | 2 | 1 |
Han Seung-yeon | 93–94 | 2 | 1 |
Park Gyu-ri | 93–94 | 2 | 1 |
Han Ji-min | 105–106 | 2 | 1 |
Park Tae-hwan | 109–110 | 2 | 1 |
Ko Chang-seok | 111–112 | 2 | 1 |
Lee Jong-won | 111–112 | 2 | 1 |
Shin Jung-geun | 111–112 | 2 | 1 |
Son Byong-ho | 111–112 | 2 | 1 |
Moon Geun-young | 114–115 | 2 | 1 |
Song Chang-eui | 116–117 | 2 | 1 |
Go Soo | 123–124 | 2 | 1 |
Choi Ji-woo | 126–127 | 2 | 1 |
Jung Woo-sung | 151–152 | 2 | 1 |
Koo Ja-cheol | 152–153 | 2 | 1 |
Jae-kyung (Rainbow) | 179–180 | 2 | 1 |
Song Kyung-ah | 179–180 | 2 | 1 |
Baek Sung-hyun | 202–203 | 2 | 1 |
Cha Yu-ram | 202–203 | 2 | 1 |
Fabien | 202–203 | 2 | 1 |
Ju Ji-hoon | 202–203 | 2 | 1 |
Sam Okyere | 202–203 | 2 | 1 |
Ailee | 211–212 | 2 | 1 |
Ji Chang-wook | 211–212 | 2 | 1 |
Kim Tae-woo (g.o.d) | 211–212 | 2 | 1 |
Lee Sung-jae | 211–212 | 2 | 1 |
Skull | 211–212 | 2 | 1 |
Moon Chae-won | 228–229 | 2 | 1 |
Kim Sung-ryung | 234–235 | 2 | 1 |
Shoo | 234–235 | 2 | 1 |
Yoo Sun | 234–235 | 2 | 1 |
Yeon Jung-hoon | 234–235 | 2 | 1 |
Kim Gun-mo | 260–261 | 2 | 1 |
Koo Jun-yup | 260–261 | 2 | 1 |
Lee Jae-hoon (Cool) | 260–261 | 2 | 1 |
Kim Ki-tae | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Lee Won-hee | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Noh Ji-sim | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Taemi | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Im Hyung-joon | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Yang Sang-guk | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Chang Jung-koo | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Choi Kyung-ho | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
DJ Pumpkin (AOMG) | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Hwang Choong-jae | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Young-jun (Brown Eyed Soul) | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
DJR2 | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
King Kong | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Lee Jung | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Linda (Rapercussion) | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Recto Luz (Rapercussion) | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Zion Luz (Rapercussion) | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Mino (Free Style) | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Nuol | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Oh Jung-suk | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Sam Hammington | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
San | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Shim Hyung-tak | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Superbee | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Wang-bae | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Yui-yeop | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Chi In-jin | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Go Woo-ri (Rainbow) | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Heo Tae-hee | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Jung Tae-ho | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Lee Sang-ho | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Lee Sang-min | 271–272 | 2 | 1 |
Chae-yeon | 278–279 | 2 | 1 |
Kim Jung-nam (Turbo) | 278–279 | 2 | 1 |
Lee Ji-hyun | 278–279 | 2 | 1 |
Lee Jong-soo | 278–279 | 2 | 1 |
Ji So-yun | 283–284 | 2 | 1 |
Jong Tae-se | 283–284 | 2 | 1 |
Ahn Sung-ki | 303–304 | 2 | 1 |
Han Ye-ri | 303–304 | 2 | 1 |
Soo Ae | 310–311 | 2 | 1 |
Lee Sun-bin | 356–357 | 2 | 1 |
Lee Tae-hwan (5urprise) | 356–357 | 2 | 1 |
Oh Ha-young (Apink) | 356–357 | 2 | 1 |
Son Yeo-eun | 356–357 | 2 | 1 |
Jeon Wook-min (Jeon So-min's brother) | 360–361 | 2 | 1 |
Kim Jong-myung (Kim Jong-kook's brother) | 360–361 | 2 | 1 |
Tae Hang-ho | 360–361 | 2 | 1 |
Kei (Lovelyz) | 367–368 | 2 | 1 |
Sol Bi | 367–368 | 2 | 1 |
Kang Daniel (Wanna One) | 374–375 | 2 | 1 |
Kang Mi-na (Gugudan) | 388-389 | 2 | 1 |
Lee Joo-yeon | 416–417 | 2 | 1 |
Lee Si-a | 416–417 | 2 | 1 |
Han Sun-hwa | 431–432 | 2 | 1 |
Bona (Cosmic Girls) | 445-446 | 2 | 1 |
Jang Hee-jin | 445-446 | 2 | 1 |
Kim Jae-young (model) | 445-446 | 2 | 1 |
Lee Hyo-ri | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Hwang Jung-eum | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Shin-young | 6 | 1 | 1 |
Se7en | 6 | 1 | 1 |
Jo Kwon (2AM) | 7 | 1 | 1 |
Victoria (f(x)) | 8 | 1 | 1 |
Yoon Se-ah | 10 | 1 | 1 |
Ko Joo-won | 17 | 1 | 1 |
Shim Hyung-rae | 23 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Kyung-shil | 24 | 1 | 1 |
Jung Jin-young | 26 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Moon-sik | 26 | 1 | 1 |
Hyun Young | 31 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Sun-kyun | 41 | 1 | 1 |
Park Joong-hoon | 41 | 1 | 1 |
Yoon So-yi | 53 | 1 | 1 |
Choi Kang-hee | 54 | 1 | 1 |
Luna (f(x)) | 55 | 1 | 1 |
Ji-yeon (T-ara) | 55 | 1 | 1 |
Yang Jung-a | 56 | 1 | 1 |
Choiza (Dynamic Duo) | 59 | 1 | 1 |
Tiger JK (Drunken Tiger) | 59 | 1 | 1 |
Yoon Mi-rae | 59 | 1 | 1 |
Song Joong-ki | 66 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Min-ki | 70 | 1 | 1 |
Park Chul-min | 70 | 1 | 1 |
Son Ye-jin | 70 | 1 | 1 |
Jo Hye-ryun | 71 | 1 | 1 |
Oh Yeon-soo | 71 | 1 | 1 |
Ahn So-hee | 75 | 1 | 1 |
Hong Soo-hyun | 78 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Beom-soo | 78 | 1 | 1 |
Hyo-min (T-ara) | 80 | 1 | 1 |
Ha Ji-won | 86 | 1 | 1 |
Han Ga-in | 87 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Deok-hwa | 90 | 1 | 1 |
Park Jin-young | 92 | 1 | 1 |
Im Ho | 99 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Tae-gon | 99 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Hee-sun | 100 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Bum-soo | 101 | 1 | 1 |
Yoo Jun-sang | 103 | 1 | 1 |
Jang Shin-young | 107 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Sang-joong | 107 | 1 | 1 |
Gong Hyo-jin | 108 | 1 | 1 |
Im Ha-ryong | 111 | 1 | 1 |
Yum Jung-ah | 113 | 1 | 1 |
Yubin (Wonder Girls) | 117 | 1 | 1 |
Choo Shin-soo | 119 | 1 | 1 |
Jung Won-gwan (Sobangcha) | 122 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Tae-hyung (Sobangcha) | 122 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Sang-won (Sobangcha) | 122 | 1 | 1 |
Kang Susie | 122 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Wan-sun | 122 | 1 | 1 |
Park Nam-jung | 122 | 1 | 1 |
Jeong Hyeong-don | 125 | 1 | 1 |
Ryu Dam | 125 | 1 | 1 |
Shindong (Super Junior) | 125 | 1 | 1 |
Park Shin-yang | 128 | 1 | 1 |
Uhm Ji-won | 128 | 1 | 1 |
Park Sung-woong | 132 | 1 | 1 |
Jackie Chan | 135 | 1 | 1 |
Min Hyo-rin | 138 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Bo-young | 142 | 1 | 1 |
Kim In-kwon | 143 | 1 | 1 |
Cha In-pyo | 144 | 1 | 1 |
Ricky Kim | 144 | 1 | 1 |
Jung Jin-woon | 145 | 1 | 1 |
Noh Woo-jin | 145 | 1 | 1 |
Park Jung-chul | 145 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Sang-kyung | 146 | 1 | 1 |
Jeong Jun-ha | 148 | 1 | 1 |
So Yi-hyun | 148 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Soo-mi | 149 | 1 | 1 |
Kwon Ri-se (Ladies' Code) | 149 | 1 | 1 |
Park So-hyun | 149 | 1 | 1 |
Patrice Evra | 154 | 1 | 1 |
Jung Woong-in | 157 | 1 | 1 |
Moon Jung-hee | 158 | 1 | 1 |
Sayuri Fujita | 159 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Ye-rim (Togeworl) | 159 | 1 | 1 |
Seung-ho (MBLAQ) | 162 | 1 | 1 |
Yoo Ah-in | 164 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Hae-sook | 164 | 1 | 1 |
Choi Jin-hyuk | 166 | 1 | 1 |
Park Myeong-su | 168 | 1 | 1 |
Yang Dong-geun | 169 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Yoo-jung | 170 | 1 | 1 |
Yoon Je-moon | 170 | 1 | 1 |
Gong Yoo | 175 | 1 | 1 |
Park Hee-soon | 175 | 1 | 1 |
Jang Ki-ha | 176 | 1 | 1 |
Jun Hyun-moo | 176 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Juck | 176 | 1 | 1 |
Gil (Leessang) | 177 | 1 | 1 |
Do-hee | 182 | 1 | 1 |
Jo Min-su | 183 | 1 | 1 |
Moon So-ri | 183 | 1 | 1 |
Baro (B1A4) | 184 | 1 | 1 |
Kang Ye-won | 184 | 1 | 1 |
Seo In-guk | 184 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Jung-shin (CNBLUE) | 186 | 1 | 1 |
Shim Eun-kyung | 186 | 1 | 1 |
Gong Hyung-jin | 190 | 1 | 1 |
Kwon Hae-hyo | 190 | 1 | 1 |
Ku Hye-sun | 190 | 1 | 1 |
Choi Hee | 198 | 1 | 1 |
Han Hye-jin | 198 | 1 | 1 |
Hoya (Infinite) | 201 | 1 | 1 |
Jinyoung (B1A4) | 201 | 1 | 1 |
Kang Seung-hyun | 205 | 1 | 1 |
Hong Seok-cheon | 206 | 1 | 1 |
Joo Won | 206 | 1 | 1 |
Lee So-yeon | 207 | 1 | 1 |
Nam Hee-suk | 207 | 1 | 1 |
Chun Myung-hoon (NRG) | 209 | 1 | 1 |
Danny Ahn (g.o.d) | 209 | 1 | 1 |
Kai (Exo) | 209 | 1 | 1 |
Sehun (Exo) | 209 | 1 | 1 |
Tae-min (Shinee) | 209 | 1 | 1 |
Choi Bu-kyung (Seoul SK Knights) | 210 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Hye-jeong | 210 | 1 | 1 |
Yook Jook-wan | 210 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Hwan | 210 | 1 | 1 |
Choi Yeo-jin | 213 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Min-seo | 213 | 1 | 1 |
Park Young-gyu | 214 | 1 | 1 |
Alex | 214 | 1 | 1 |
Shin Min-a | 215 | 1 | 1 |
Oh Sang-jin | 217 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Ji-hoon | 218 | 1 | 1 |
Han Sang-jin | 219 | 1 | 1 |
Han Ye-seul | 219 | 1 | 1 |
Jung Gyu-woon | 219 | 1 | 1 |
Wang Ji-hye | 219 | 1 | 1 |
Song Jae-rim | 220 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Yeon-woo | 221 | 1 | 1 |
Bobby Kim | 221 | 1 | 1 |
Han Groo | 224 | 1 | 1 |
Song Ga-yeon | 224 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Hye-ja | 226 | 1 | 1 |
Kang Hye-jung | 226 | 1 | 1 |
Kang Jung-ho | 227 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Seo-jin | 229 | 1 | 1 |
Nam Joo-hyuk | 230 | 1 | 1 |
Seo Ha-joon | 230 | 1 | 1 |
Seo Kang-joon (5urprise) | 230 | 1 | 1 |
Hong Kyung-min | 232 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Ji-soo | 232 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Won-jun | 232 | 1 | 1 |
Miryo (Brown Eyed Girls) | 232 | 1 | 1 |
Oh Hyun-kyung | 232 | 1 | 1 |
Park Ji-yoon | 232 | 1 | 1 |
Shin Da-eun | 232 | 1 | 1 |
Dongwoo (Infinite) | 233 | 1 | 1 |
Dongwoon (Beast) | 233 | 1 | 1 |
Eric Nam | 233 | 1 | 1 |
Minhyuk (BtoB) | 233 | 1 | 1 |
N (VIXX) | 233 | 1 | 1 |
Ryeowook (Super Junior) | 233 | 1 | 1 |
Sohyun (4Minute) | 233 | 1 | 1 |
Sojin (Girl's Day) | 233 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Dongwan (Shinhwa) | 236 | 1 | 1 |
Jung Hee-cheol (ZE:A) | 236 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Tae-heon (ZE:A) | 236 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Hoo (ZE:A) | 236 | 1 | 1 |
Park Hyung-sik (ZE:A) | 236 | 1 | 1 |
Jung So-min | 237 | 1 | 1 |
Nam Ji-hyun | 237 | 1 | 1 |
Yerin (GFriend) | 237 | 1 | 1 |
Yoon So-hee | 237 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Seo-hyung | 238 | 1 | 1 |
Sung Si-kyung | 239 | 1 | 1 |
Yoon Jin-seo | 241 | 1 | 1 |
Kang Kyun-sung | 243 | 1 | 1 |
Choa (AOA) | 244 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Yoo-ri | 244 | 1 | 1 |
Seo Ye-ji | 244 | 1 | 1 |
Sean (Jinusean) | 245 | 1 | 1 |
Amber (f(x)) | 248 | 1 | 1 |
Henry (Super Junior-M) | 248 | 1 | 1 |
Kim So-hyun | 251 | 1 | 1 |
Son Jun-ho | 251 | 1 | 1 |
Jay Park | 252 | 1 | 1 |
San E | 252 | 1 | 1 |
Verbal Jint | 252 | 1 | 1 |
Do Sang-woo | 253 | 1 | 1 |
Irene Kim | 253 | 1 | 1 |
Seo Hyun-jin | 253 | 1 | 1 |
Ye-eun (CLC) | 253 | 1 | 1 |
Baek Jin-hee | 256 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Yeon-koung | 257 | 1 | 1 |
Shin Soo-ji | 257 | 1 | 1 |
Song Jong-gook | 257 | 1 | 1 |
Jang Yoon-ju | 258 | 1 | 1 |
Jung Man-sik | 258 | 1 | 1 |
Cha Ye-ryun | 259 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Yo-won | 259 | 1 | 1 |
Kang Sung-jin | 262 | 1 | 1 |
Nam Bo-ra | 262 | 1 | 1 |
Park Gun-hyung | 262 | 1 | 1 |
Kwon Sang-woo | 264 | 1 | 1 |
Sung Dong-il | 264 | 1 | 1 |
RM (BTS) | 265 | 1 | 1 |
Ye-eun (Wonder Girls) | 265 | 1 | 1 |
Gong Seung-yeon | 268 | 1 | 1 |
Hwang Seok-jeong | 268 | 1 | 1 |
Jung Kyung-ho | 268 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Ja-in | 268 | 1 | 1 |
Park Han-byul | 268 | 1 | 1 |
BamBam (Got7) | 272, 316, 418 | 3 | 3 |
Jackson (Got7) | 272, 316, 418 | 3 | 3 |
JB (Got7) | 272, 316, 418 | 3 | 3 |
Jin-young (Got7) | 272, 316, 418 | 3 | 3 |
Mark (Got7) | 272, 316, 418 | 3 | 3 |
Youngjae (Got7) | 272, 316, 418 | 3 | 3 |
Yugyeom (Got7) | 272, 316, 418 | 3 | 3 |
Sa Sung-woong | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Digili (Honey Family) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Ducky | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Chang-keun | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Sung-mi | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Byun Seung-yoon | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Cha Hun (N.Flying) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Jae-hyun (N.Flying) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Kwon Kwang-jin (N.Flying) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Seung-hyub (N.Flying) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Moon Ji-ae | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Roy Kim | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Hyun Woo | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Tim | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Cho Yoon-woo | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Dino (Seventeen) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
DK (Seventeen) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Hoshi (Seventeen) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Jeonghan (Seventeen) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Joshua (Seventeen) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Jun (Seventeen) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
S.Coups (Seventeen) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
The8 (Seventeen) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Vernon (Seventeen) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Wonwoo (Seventeen) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Woozi (Seventeen) | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Jung Dong-hyun | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Ji-an | 272 | 1 | 1 |
Jung Chan-woo (Cultwo) | 273 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Tae-gyun (Cultwo) | 273 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Jung-hwan (People Looking for a Laugh) | 273 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Tae-hwan (People Looking for a Laugh) | 273 | 1 | 1 |
Min Kyung-hoon (Buzz) | 274 | 1 | 1 |
Lim Yo-hwan | 275 | 1 | 1 |
Go Ah-sung | 282 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Hee-joon | 282 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Ga-yeon | 286 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Do-kyun | 287 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Jo-han | 287 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Won-hae | 287 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Hong-ryul | 287 | 1 | 1 |
Yoo Yul | 287 | 1 | 1 |
Jeong Jeong-ah | 292 | 1 | 1 |
Kang Hyeon-soo | 292 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Wan | 292 | 1 | 1 |
Mikey (Turbo) | 292 | 1 | 1 |
Nam Chang-hee | 292 | 1 | 1 |
Park Myeong-ho | 292 | 1 | 1 |
Hyeri (Girl's Day) | 294 | 1 | 1 |
Nam Tae-hyun (Winner) | 294 | 1 | 1 |
Eun-seo (Cosmic Girls) | 297 | 1 | 1 |
Jin Goo | 297 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Ji-won | 297 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Je-hoon | 298 | 1 | 1 |
Jo Bo-ah | 299 | 1 | 1 |
Stephanie Lee | 299 | 1 | 1 |
Uhm Hyun-kyung | 299 | 1 | 1 |
Zico (Block B) | 299 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Min-seok | 304 | 1 | 1 |
Yoon Kyun-sang | 304 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Jung-jin | 305 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Soo-min | 305 | 1 | 1 |
Yoo Jae-hwan | 305 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Hee-ae | 308 | 1 | 1 |
Hong Jin-kyung | 309 | 1 | 1 |
Bada | 312 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Mi-joo (Lovelyz) | 313 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Joon-gi | 314 | 1 | 1 |
Cha Seung-won | 315 | 1 | 1 |
Key (Shinee) | 317 | 1 | 1 |
Yoon Hyung-bin | 317 | 1 | 1 |
Chae Soo-bin | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Cho Jae-hyun | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Dino (HALO) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Hee-chun (HALO) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
In-haeng (HALO) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Jae-yong (HALO) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Ooon (HALO) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Yoon-dong (HALO) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Hae-bin (Gugudan) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Hana (Gugudan) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Hye-yeon (Gugudan) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Mimi (Gugudan) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Na-young (Gugudan) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Sally (Gugudan) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
So-yee (Gugudan) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Jang Hong-je | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Jang Jae-young | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Kang Jae-joon | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Min-ki | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Sung-ki | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Soo-han | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Maeng Seung-ji | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Oh Bok-nam | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Son Min-hyuk | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Buffy (Madtown) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Dae-won (Madtown) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Heo-jun (Madtown) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
H.O (Madtown) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Lee-geon (Madtown) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Moos (Madtown) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Joon-hyeon (ALL-STAR) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Noah (ALL-STAR) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Pabi (ALL-STAR) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Kyung-jin | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Hyung-won (Monsta X) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
I.M (Monsta X) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Joo-heon (Monsta X) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Ki-hyun (Monsta X) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Min-hyuk (Monsta X) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Won-ho (Monsta X) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Hee-jun (KNK) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
In-seong (KNK) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Ji-hun (KNK) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Seung-jun (KNK) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
You-jin (KNK) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Chan-yong (100%) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Hyuk-jin (100%) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Jong-hwan (100%) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Min-woo (100%) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Rok-hyun (100%) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Chang-sun (24K) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Cory (24K) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Hong-seob (24K) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Hui (24K) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Jeong-uk (24K) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Jin-hong (24K) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Ki-su (24K) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Da-hye (Bestie) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Hye-yeon (Bestie) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
U-Ji (Bestie) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Hyun-kyung (Romeo) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Kang-min (Romeo) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Kyle (Romeo) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Milo (Romeo) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Minsung (Romeo) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Seung-hwan (Romeo) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Yoon-sung (Romeo) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Hyuk (VIXX) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Ken (VIXX) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Ravi (VIXX) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Chang-ryeol (DJ Doc) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
FeelDog (Big Star) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Jude (Big Star) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Rae-hwan (Big Star) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Sung-hak (Big Star) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Sang-ho (Snuper) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Sang-il (Snuper) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Se-bin (Snuper) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Su-hyun (Snuper) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Tae-woong (Snuper) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Woo-seong (Snuper) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
A-Tom (Topp Dogg) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
B-Joo (Topp Dogg) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Han-sol (Topp Dogg) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Nakta (Topp Dogg) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
P-Goon (Topp Dogg) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Xero (Topp Dogg) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Yano (Topp Dogg) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Dong-yeob | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Ho-chan | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Ho-joon (Topp Dogg) | 319 | 1 | 1 |
Jo Yoon-hee | 320 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Kyu-han | 321 | 1 | 1 |
Solbin (Laboum) | 321 | 1 | 1 |
Kang Min-kyung (Davichi) | 322 | 1 | 1 |
Seo Ji-hye | 323 | 1 | 1 |
Hwang Woo-seul-hye | 326 | 1 | 1 |
D.O (Exo) | 327 | 1 | 1 |
Lisa (Blackpink) | 330 | 1 | 1 |
Rosé (Blackpink) | 330 | 1 | 1 |
Kim So-hyun | 331 | 1 | 1 |
KCM | 339 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Won-hee | 339 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Yong-man | 339 | 1 | 1 |
Park Jin-joo | 343 | 1 | 1 |
Umji (GFriend) | 343 | 1 | 1 |
Choi Min-yong | 344 | 1 | 1 |
Han Jae-suk | 345 | 1 | 1 |
Jung Hye-sung | 355 | 1 | 1 |
Shin Sung-rok | 372 | 1 | 1 |
Donghae (Super Junior) | 376 | 1 | 1 |
Yesung (Super Junior) | 376 | 1 | 1 |
Im Se-mi | 377 | 1 | 1 |
Ko Sung-hee | 377 | 1 | 1 |
Choi Gwi-hwa | 381 | 1 | 1 |
Go Bo-gyeol | 381 | 1 | 1 |
Heo Sung-tae | 381 | 1 | 1 |
Jo Woo-jong | 401 | 1 | 1 |
Han Ki-beom | 401 | 1 | 1 |
Han Mi-gwan | 401 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Ok-jeong (Haha's mother) | 401 | 1 | 1 |
K.Will | 401 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Jong-hyuk | 401 | 1 | 1 |
Seo Ji-seok | 401 | 1 | 1 |
Dayoung (Cosmic Girls) | 402 | 1 | 1 |
Hyejeong (AOA) | 402 | 1 | 1 |
JooE (Momoland) | 402 | 1 | 1 |
Kang Seung-yoon (Winner) | 402 | 1 | 1 |
Seo Eun-soo | 405 | 1 | 1 |
Pyo Ye-jin | 409 | 1 | 1 |
Jin Ki-joo | 413 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Roi-ha | 414 | 1 | 1 |
Kwak Si-yang | 414 | 1 | 1 |
Seo Hyo-rim | 414 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Ha-na | 422 | 1 | 1 |
Ahn Hyo-seop | 424 | 1 | 1 |
Seo Young-hee | 424 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Byeong-ok | 425 | 1 | 1 |
Gong Myung (5urprise) | 435 | 1 | 1 |
Jin Seon-kyu | 435 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Hanee | 435 | 1 | 1 |
Ryu Seung-ryong | 435 | 1 | 1 |
Jimin (AOA) | 436 | 1 | 1 |
Mina (AOA) | 436 | 1 | 1 |
Jeong Yu-mi | 436 | 1 | 1 |
Park Hoon | 437 | 1 | 1 |
Geum Sae-rok | 442 | 1 | 1 |
Ha Seok-jin | 447 | 1 | 1 |
Lee Yi-kyung | 447 | 1 | 1 |
Solji (EXID) | 448 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Hye-yoon | 448 | 1 | 1 |
Han Bo-reum | 448 | 1 | 1 |
Esom | 449 | 1 | 1 |
Kim Kyung-nam | 449 | 1 | 1 |
Reception[edit]
The first episode of the show received mixed reviews. According to Asiae the show concept was promising but the crew could not use the location to full potential and the pace was not fast and dynamic enough.[22]
Despite a slow start, Running Man became increasingly popular in South Korea and throughout Asia.[23][24][25][26][27] In its home country the show is watched by 2.1 million people on average.[28] Due to the existence of fansubs, it is watched outside of Asia as well, being translated into English, Spanish and Arabic, among others.[29]
According to The Straits Times, the popularity of the show is due to its unpredictability, the comedy involved, the celebrity guests and the chemistry between the regular cast members.[30] Assistant professor Liew Kai Khiun at the Nanyang Technological University attributes the appeal of Running Man to the ability of using public space in a creative way: 'Running Man is about taking audiences to the various corners of not only South Korea, but the region as well. In the rather fast-paced urban societies in Asia, the show helps to provide release from the daily tensions that such streets and buildings are associated with.'[30] Liew thinks that the cast members are not particularly good looking, thus have nothing to lose, even if they 'wrestle with one another like children'.[30]
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According to producer Jo Hyo-jin, the show is popular because the concept of having to choose a winner is culturally easy to understand. He also named the good relationship between the regular members as one of the reasons for the show's success.[31] Celebrity guests like Super Junior, Girls' Generation and f(x) play an important part in the success as well, although they sometimes induce criticism. For example, after the airing of the Big Bang episodes, some viewers complained that the band won too easily. Jo Hyo-jin, however, denied any special treatment of the celebrities. Jo explained that fans are also highly critical of the games, therefore it is not possible for the crew to reuse games without changing them.[31]
The regular members of Running Man have held several fan meetings throughout Asia. In October 2013, their Singapore fan meeting drew a crowd of 3000.[32] When the cast arrived for shooting in Vietnam and other countries, they were greeted by thousands of fans at the airport.[33]
Ratings[edit]
In the ratings below, the highest rating for the show will be in red, and the lowest rating for the show will be in blue each year.
- Good Sunday divides its program into two parts, Running Man airs as Good Sunday Part 1.
Ep. # | Original Airdate | TNmS Ratings | Nielsen Ratings[34] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nationwide | Seoul Capital Area | Nationwide | Seoul Capital Area | ||
1 | July 11, 2010 | 12.0% | 12.5% | 10.0% | 10.7% |
2 | July 18, 2010 | 8.0% | 8.1% | 7.8% | 8.7% |
3 | July 25, 2010 | 6.7% | 7.8% | 7.4% | 8.1% |
4 | August 1, 2010 | 7.8% | 8.6% | 6.3% | 7.0% |
5 | August 8, 2010 | 8.0% | 8.9% | 7.3% | 8.8% |
6 | August 15, 2010 | 7.6% | 7.9% | 7.8% | 8.5% |
7 | August 22, 2010 | 8.4% | 9.3% | 6.6% | 7.7% |
8 | August 29, 2010 | 8.4% | 8.9% | 7.9% | 8.1% |
9 | September 5, 2010 | 9.3% | 9.5% | 7.4% | 8.2% |
10 | September 12, 2010 | 7.8% | 8.2% | 6.6% | 6.8% |
11 | September 19, 2010 | 8.2% | 8.5% | 7.0% | 7.9% |
12 | September 26, 2010 | 6.7% | 6.8% | 5.6% | 6.5% |
13 | October 3, 2010 | 7.0% | 7.2% | 7.1% | 8.1% |
14 | October 17, 2010 | 11.1% | 11.8% | 8.8% | 8.8% |
15 | October 24, 2010 | 13.2% | 14.1% | 11.1% | 11.4% |
16 | October 31, 2010 | 11.0% | 11.5% | 10.3% | 11.0% |
17 | November 7, 2010 | 13.2% | 14.1% | 9.8% | 10.2% |
18 | November 21, 2010 | 10.3% | 10.8% | 8.9% | 9.5% |
19 | November 28, 2010 | 13.2% | 14.0% | 9.3% | 9.9% |
20 | December 5, 2010 | 11.8% | 12.6% | 9.3% | 9.8% |
21 | December 12, 2010 | 12.7% | 13.7% | 11.2% | 12.1% |
22 | December 19, 2010 | 13.2% | 14.2% | 10.6% | 11.1% |
23 | December 26, 2010 | 12.6% | 13.9% | 10.7% | 11.6% |
Ep. # | Original Airdate | TNmS Ratings | Nielsen Ratings[34] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nationwide | Seoul Capital Area | Nationwide | Seoul Capital Area | ||
24 | January 2, 2011 | 9.7% | 12.9% | 11.1% | 12.1% |
25 | January 9, 2011 | 11.7% | 15.7% | 10.9% | 11.1% |
26 | January 16, 2011 | 11.8% | 14.4% | 11.5% | 12.0% |
27 | January 23, 2011 | 12.6% | 15.8% | 13.2% | 14.5% |
28 | January 30, 2011 | 13.7% | 17.5% | 14.9% | 16.3% |
29 | February 6, 2011 | 13.1% | 16.6% | 15.0% | 16.2% |
30 | February 13, 2011 | 10.4% | 12.5% | 10.7% | 11.4% |
31 | February 20, 2011 | 11.2% | 13.7% | 12.6% | 13.4% |
32 | February 27, 2011 | 11.2% | 13.7% | 12.8% | 13.7% |
33 | March 6, 2011 | 10.4% | 13.1% | 11.2% | 12.0% |
34 | March 13, 2011 | 8.3% | 10.7% | 10.1% | 11.2% |
35 | March 20, 2011 | 8.7% | 10.4% | 9.9% | 10.6% |
36 | March 27, 2011 | 9.6% | 11.7% | 11.2% | 12.3% |
37 | April 3, 2011 | 10.5% | 12.9% | 11.7% | 12.5% |
38 | April 10, 2011 | 10.2% | 13.4% | 11.1% | 12.5% |
39 | April 17, 2011 | 9.5% | 12.6% | 10.8% | 12.4% |
40 | April 24, 2011 | 9.6% | 12.4% | 10.7% | 11.2% |
41 | May 1, 2011 | 8.0% | 9.7% | 9.8% | 10.8% |
42 | May 8, 2011 | 8.0% | 9.9% | 7.7% | 8.1% |
43 | May 15, 2011 | 9.1% | 11.9% | 9.6% | 10.0% |
44 | May 22, 2011 | 6.1% | 8.0% | 6.6% | 8.0% |
45 | May 29, 2011 | 6.1% | 7.6% | 6.2% | 7.3% |
46 | June 5, 2011 | 5.7% | 7.2% | 7.0% | 8.2% |
47 | June 12, 2011 | 6.6% | 8.9% | 8.8% | 9.7% |
48 | June 19, 2011 | 7.9% | 10.3% | 7.9% | 9.4% |
49 | June 26, 2011 | 9.2% | 12.0% | 10.3% | 10.5% |
50 | July 3, 2011 | 11.5% | 14.2% | 13.3% | 14.6% |
51 | July 10, 2011 | 12.0% | 13.9% | 12.9% | 13.5% |
52 | July 17, 2011 | 12.6% | 14.5% | 13.1% | 13.7% |
53 | July 24, 2011 | 12.2% | 14.2% | 13.3% | 13.9% |
54 | July 31, 2011 | 12.3% | 14.2% | 13.0% | 14.4% |
55 | August 7, 2011 | 14.5% | 17.4% | 14.7% | 15.3% |
56 | August 14, 2011 | 13.2% | 16.8% | 13.9% | 15.6% |
57 | August 21, 2011 | 12.8% | 15.1% | 13.4% | 15.3% |
58 | August 28, 2011 | 13.2% | 15.0% | 14.8% | 15.7% |
59 | September 4, 2011 | 14.0% | 16.0% | 14.0% | 15.3% |
60 | September 11, 2011 | 13.4% | 14.8% | 13.2% | 13.8% |
61 | September 18, 2011 | 16.4% | 17.8% | 16.2% | 16.6% |
62 | September 25, 2011 | 14.3% | 18.5% | 14.3% | 15.5% |
63 | October 2, 2011 | 13.0% | 16.0% | 13.8% | 15.0% |
64 | October 9, 2011 | 13.0% | 14.2% | 13.7% | 14.0% |
65 | October 23, 2011 | 13.5% | 16.8% | 14.6% | 15.1% |
66 | October 30, 2011 | 15.5% | 17.5% | 14.5% | 14.9% |
67 | November 6, 2011 | 15.3% | 18.3% | 15.8% | 16.8% |
68 | November 13, 2011 | 16.0% | 19.4% | 15.7% | 16.9% |
69 | November 20, 2011 | 15.0% | 17.1% | 16.9% | 18.2% |
70 | November 27, 2011 | 16.5% | 19.8% | 18.0% | 19.8% |
71 | December 4, 2011 | 14.7% | 17.6% | 16.1% | 17.9% |
72 | December 11, 2011 | 17.1% | 20.4% | 17.5% | 19.0% |
73 | December 18, 2011 | 17.2% | 18.9% | 19.2% | 20.8% |
74 | December 25, 2011 | 16.5% | 18.7% | 17.7% | 18.3% |
- Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Running Man. (Note: Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time, which regular ratings include.)
Ep. # | Original Airdate | TNmS Ratings | Nielsen Ratings[34] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nationwide | Seoul Capital Area | Nationwide | Seoul Capital Area | ||
75 | January 1, 2012 | 18.6% | 21.5% | 19.2% | 21.7% |
76 | January 8, 2012 | 18.5% | 20.9% | 18.6% | 20.6% |
77 | January 15, 2012 | 18.0% | 20.7% | 20.1% | 22.7% |
78 | January 22, 2012 | 12.4% | 12.6% | 15.7% | 17.6% |
79 | January 29, 2012 | 14.4% | 15.7% | 18.0% | 20.7% |
80 | February 5, 2012 | 17.0% | 18.8% | 17.2% | 18.7% |
81 | February 12, 2012 | 16.7% | 18.8% | 17.4% | 19.3% |
82 | February 19, 2012 | 17.9% | 21.9% | 16.7% | 18.2% |
83 | February 26, 2012 | 17.5% | 20.6% | 18.1% | 20.7% |
84 | March 4, 2012 | 17.6% | 21.6% | 17.7% | 20.2% |
85 | March 11, 2012 | 17.8% | 22.0% | 16.9% | 19.5% |
86 | March 18, 2012 | 16.0% | 19.8% | 16.9% | 19.2% |
87 | March 25, 2012 | 16.4% | 19.7% | 17.4% | 19.8% |
88 | April 1, 2012 | 17.5% | 21.5% | 16.7% | 18.5% |
89 | April 8, 2012 | 15.4% | 20.1% | 16.1% | 18.1% |
90 | April 15, 2012 | 13.1% | 15.9% | 14.3% | 15.8% |
91 | April 22, 2012 | 17.5% | 21.9% | 17.6% | 20.0% |
92 | April 29, 2012 | 13.1% | 15.8% | 14.3% | 15.7% |
93 | May 6, 2012 | 18.3% | 21.2% | 17.7% | 19.6% |
94 | May 13, 2012 | 17.2% | 20.5% | 17.0% | 18.9% |
95 | May 20, 2012 | 18.1% | 22.2% | 19.5% | 22.2% |
96 | May 27, 2012 | 19.3% | 23.2% | 19.2% | 20.6% |
97 | June 3, 2012 | 22.1% | 27.6% | 20.4% | 22.0% |
98 | June 10, 2012 | 18.6% | 22.5% | 17.2% | 19.0% |
99 | June 17, 2012 | 17.1% | 19.4% | 17.6% | 18.7% |
100 | June 24, 2012 | 19.6% | 23.1% | 17.6% | 19.0% |
101 | July 1, 2012 | 19.0% | 21.5% | 17.6% | 19.1% |
102 | July 8, 2012 | 19.6% | 22.6% | 19.3% | 21.2% |
103 | July 15, 2012 | 22.6% | 25.2% | 20.2% | 22.0% |
104 | July 22, 2012 | 20.5% | 23.3% | 19.2% | 20.6% |
105 | August 5, 2012 | 16.2% | 17.7% | 17.1% | 18.5% |
106 | August 12, 2012 | 21.1% | 23.9% | 19.5% | 20.6% |
107 | August 19, 2012 | 20.1% | 23.9% | 18.6% | 20.3% |
108 | August 26, 2012 | 18.6% | 21.4% | 15.8% | 17.5% |
109 | September 2, 2012 | 22.7% | 24.5% | 19.9% | 21.1% |
110 | September 9, 2012 | 22.0% | 23.8% | 19.9% | 21.4% |
111 | September 16, 2012 | 21.4% | 22.0% | 19.4% | 20.5% |
112 | September 23, 2012 | 19.0% | 20.7% | 16.9% | 18.0% |
113 | September 30, 2012 | 17.3% | 18.2% | 15.9% | 17.7% |
114 | October 7, 2012 | 18.9% | 20.1% | 17.8% | 19.1% |
115 | October 14, 2012 | 19.4% | 21.8% | 18.8% | 20.1% |
116 | October 21, 2012 | 19.6% | 21.3% | 18.4% | 20.3% |
117 | October 28, 2012 | 20.9% | 23.2% | 19.4% | 21.1% |
118 | November 4, 2012 | 21.2% | 23.1% | 19.6% | 20.7% |
119 | November 11, 2012 | 23.3% | 24.9% | 20.9% | 22.6% |
120 | November 18, 2012 | 22.9% | 24.3% | 20.7% | 22.1% |
121 | November 25, 2012 | 21.8% | 22.9% | 18.3% | 19.9% |
122 | December 2, 2012 | 20.6% | 21.1% | 17.7% | 19.5% |
123 | December 9, 2012 | 22.2% | 25.1% | 20.0% | 21.6% |
124 | December 16, 2012 | 23.4% | 25.7% | 19.0% | 20.5% |
125 | December 23, 2012 | 21.0% | 22.9% | 17.9% | 18.9% |
126 | December 30, 2012 | 22.2% | 24.2% | 18.1% | 19.3% |
- Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Running Man. (Note: Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time, which regular ratings include.)
Ep. # | Original Airdate | TNmS Ratings | Nielsen Ratings[34] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nationwide | Seoul Capital Area | Nationwide | Seoul Capital Area | ||
127 | January 6, 2013 | 20.2% | 22.0% | 19.9% | 21.6% |
128 | January 13, 2013 | 20.5% | 22.4% | 19.4% | 21.2% |
129 | January 20, 2013 | 19.1% | 21.1% | 18.4% | 20.1% |
130 | January 27, 2013 | 19.8% | 21.2% | 19.5% | 21.7% |
131 | February 3, 2013 | 23.6% | 25.9% | 20.4% | 22.2% |
132 | February 10, 2013 | 15.4% | 16.3% | 14.2% | 15.3% |
133 | February 17, 2013 | 23.1% | 24.6% | 21.0% | 22.7% |
134 | February 24, 2013 | 19.9% | 21.2% | 17.3% | 18.6% |
135 | March 3, 2013 | 19.9% | 21.9% | 19.1% | 21.0% |
136 | March 10, 2013 | 19.5% | 21.2% | 20.4% | 22.6% |
137 | March 17, 2013 | 18.5% | 20.3% | 18.4% | 20.3% |
138 | March 24, 2013 | 19.8% | 21.7% | 19.6% | 21.5% |
139 | March 31, 2013 | 18.1% | 20.3% | 18.4% | 20.4% |
140 | April 7, 2013 | 17.2% | 19.0% | 16.6% | 18.7% |
141 | April 14, 2013 | 17.2% | 18.3% | 18.1% | 19.4% |
142 | April 21, 2013 | 15.3% | 15.7% | 17.5% | 19.0% |
143 | April 28, 2013 | 14.5% | 15.5% | 15.3% | 17.1% |
144 | May 5, 2013 | 11.9% | 12.7% | 12.7% | 13.8% |
145 | May 12, 2013 | 13.4% | 13.6% | 14.6% | 15.5% |
146 | May 19, 2013 | 12.4% | 12.7% | 14.5% | 15.4% |
147 | May 26, 2013 | 15.0% | 15.4% | 17.0% | 19.6% |
148 | June 2, 2013 | 12.9% | 13.2% | 13.7% | 14.8% |
149 | June 9, 2013 | 12.4% | 12.8% | 12.8% | 13.8% |
150 | June 16, 2013 | 10.7% | 11.3% | 11.4% | 11.6% |
151 | June 23, 2013 | 11.7% | 12.0% | 12.4% | 13.2% |
152 | June 30, 2013 | 13.2% | 14.2% | 13.6% | 14.7% |
153 | July 7, 2013 | 13.2% | 13.4% | 14.5% | 15.6% |
154 | July 14, 2013 | 15.6% | 17.2% | 15.0% | 16.2% |
155 | July 21, 2013 | 13.1% | 13.7% | 13.2% | 14.5% |
156 | July 28, 2013 | 12.5% | 13.5% | 13.0% | 14.5% |
157 | August 4, 2013 | 11.8% | 12.4% | 9.8% | 10.0% |
158 | August 11, 2013 | 11.6% | 12.4% | 11.7% | 11.7% |
159 | August 18, 2013 | 13.9% | 15.1% | 14.3% | 15.7% |
160 | August 25, 2013 | 12.1% | 12.7% | 12.3% | 12.4% |
161 | September 1, 2013 | 10.9% | 11.6% | 11.3% | 11.9% |
162 | September 8, 2013 | 12.2% | 12.8% | 13.6% | 13.9% |
163 | September 15, 2013 | 11.6% | 12.7% | 12.0% | 12.9% |
164 | September 22, 2013 | 13.2% | 13.5% | 14.1% | 14.2% |
165 | September 29, 2013 | 12.3% | 13.1% | 13.5% | 13.8% |
166 | October 6, 2013 | 11.9% | 12.6% | 12.3% | 13.2% |
167 | October 13, 2013 | 11.2% | 12.0% | 11.7% | 12.5% |
168 | October 20, 2013 | 12.1% | 13.7% | 12.6% | 13.6% |
169 | October 27, 2013 | 10.7% | 11.8% | 12.1% | 13.2% |
170 | November 3, 2013 | 11.8% | 13.2% | 11.5% | 12.0% |
171 | November 10, 2013 | 13.1% | 14.1% | 14.3% | 15.7% |
172 | November 17, 2013 | 12.2% | 12.9% | 12.5% | 13.5% |
173 | November 24, 2013 | 13.9% | 15.5% | 14.4% | 15.9% |
174 | December 1, 2013 | 12.5% | 14.2% | 13.3% | 14.5% |
175 | December 8, 2013 | 11.5% | 13.4% | 13.2% | 14.8% |
176 | December 15, 2013 | 11.6% | 13.2% | 13.3% | 14.0% |
177 | December 22, 2013 | 11.6% | 13.4% | 12.3% | 12.7% |
178 | December 29, 2013 | 11.6% | 13.2% | 13.8% | 15.6% |
- Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Running Man. (Note: Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time, which regular ratings include.)
Ep. # | Original Airdate | TNmS Ratings | Nielsen Ratings[34] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nationwide | Seoul Capital Area | Nationwide | Seoul Capital Area | ||
179 | January 5, 2014 | 100% | 15.4% | 15.1% | 16.2% |
180 | January 12, 2014 | 12.2% | 14.0% | 15.1% | 17.3% |
181 | January 19, 2014 | 12.2% | 14.1% | 12.3% | 13.2% |
182 | January 26, 2014 | 14.1% | 15.7% | 15.5% | 17.4% |
183 | February 2, 2014 | 13.5% | 16.3% | 13.8% | 15.1% |
184 | February 9, 2014 | 12.9% | 14.9% | 14.9% | 16.4% |
185 | February 16, 2014 | 12.1% | 13.8% | 12.6% | 13.9% |
186 | February 23, 2014 | 11.2% | 12.8% | 11.6% | 12.9% |
187 | March 2, 2014 | 9.1% | 10.8% | 12.9% | 15.2% |
188 | March 9, 2014 | 11.8% | 13.3% | 13.0% | 14.5% |
189 | March 16, 2014 | 9.9% | 11.8% | 12.8% | 14.1% |
190 | March 23, 2014 | 11.1% | 13.2% | 13.6% | 15.8% |
191 | March 30, 2014 | 9.0% | 10.7% | 10.4% | 12.0% |
192 | April 6, 2014 | 12.6% | 14.7% | 13.6% | 15.4% |
193 | April 13, 2014 | 10.9% | 13.0% | 12.0% | 13.0% |
194 | May 4, 2014 | 9.6% | 10.5% | 8.7% | 9.8% |
195 | May 11, 2014 | 11.6% | 13.7% | 11.2% | 12.3% |
196 | May 18, 2014 | 9.4% | 10.8% | 9.6% | 10.7% |
197 | May 25, 2014 | 11.1% | 13.3% | 10.7% | 11.4% |
198 | June 1, 2014 | 12.6% | 13.2% | 12.1% | 13.4% |
199 | June 8, 2014 | 13.4% | 15.5% | 12.8% | 13.4% |
200 | June 15, 2014 | 11.1% | 12.9% | 10.9% | 12.1% |
201 | June 22, 2014 | 10.4% | 11.7% | 9.5% | 10.0% |
202 | June 29, 2014 | 11.1% | 11.8% | 10.9% | 11.2% |
203 | July 6, 2014 | 10.3% | 10.6% | 9.0% | 9.5% |
204 | July 13, 2014 | 9.9% | 10.3% | 9.2% | 9.5% |
205 | July 20, 2014 | 10.8% | 11.9% | 10.1% | 10.7% |
206 | July 27, 2014 | 9.6% | 11.4% | 8.6% | 9.0% |
207 | August 3, 2014 | 9.5% | 10.0% | 10.0% | 10.2% |
208 | August 10, 2014 | 9.0% | 10.3% | 9.1% | 9.8% |
209 | August 17, 2014 | 10.6% | 12.4% | 10.5% | 11.6% |
210 | August 24, 2014 | 9.0% | 9.7% | 8.5% | 9.2% |
211 | August 31, 2014 | 9.1% | 10.4% | 9.2% | 10.0% |
212 | September 7, 2014 | 5.6% | 6.3% | 6.2% | 6.6% |
213 | September 21, 2014 | 6.8% | 8.5% | 7.2% | 8.1% |
214 | September 28, 2014 | 7.6 | 9.7% | 7.5% | 7.8% |
215 | October 5, 2014 | 9.2% | 10.0% | 10.1% | 11.1% |
216 | October 12, 2014 | 8.5% | 9.8% | 8.9% | 9.5% |
217 | October 19, 2014 | 11.0% | 13.0% | 12.1% | 13.7% |
218 | October 26, 2014 | 9.2% | 10.3% | 9.3% | 10.5% |
219 | November 2, 2014 | 10.3% | 11.7% | 10.8% | 11.1% |
220 | November 9, 2014 | 8.6% | 10.2% | 9.1% | 9.8% |
221 | November 16, 2014 | 9.2% | 10.4% | 9.3% | 9.9% |
222 | November 23, 2014 | 8.6% | 10.6% | 9.8% | 10.3% |
223 | November 30, 2014 | 10.1% | 12.2% | 10.8% | 11.5% |
224 | December 7, 2014 | 11.7% | 15.2% | 12.1% | 13.3% |
225 | December 14, 2014 | 10.3% | 13.0% | 11.9% | 13.3% |
226 | December 21, 2014 | 9.6% | 11.5% | 10.9% | 11.5% |
227 | December 28, 2014 | 11.7% | 14.5% | 12.9% | 13.4% |
- Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Running Man. (Note: Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time, which regular ratings include.)
Ep. # | Original Airdate | TNmS Ratings | Nielsen Ratings[34] |
---|---|---|---|
Nationwide | |||
228 | January 4, 2015 | 15.7% | 17.8% |
229 | January 11, 2015 | 14.7% | 15.8% |
230 | January 18, 2015 | 12.0% | 11.3% |
231 | January 25, 2015 | 10.3% | 10.8% |
232 | February 1, 2015 | 11.3% | 12.8% |
233 | February 8, 2015 | 10.4% | 11.6% |
234 | February 15, 2015 | 11.0% | 12.6% |
235 | February 22, 2015 | 10.6% | 12.0% |
236 | March 1, 2015 | 10.3% | 11.1% |
237 | March 8, 2015 | 11.2% | 12.1% |
238 | March 15, 2015 | 10.0% | 10.6% |
239 | March 22, 2015 | 9.7% | 9.5% |
240 | March 29, 2015 | 11.0% | 10.9% |
241 | April 5, 2015 | 10.7% | 10.3% |
242 | April 12, 2015 | 10.8% | 10.3% |
243 | April 19, 2015 | 9.7% | 9.3% |
244 | April 26, 2015 | 9.5% | 8.8% |
245 | May 3, 2015 | 9.0% | 8.5% |
246 | May 10, 2015 | 8.7% | 9.2% |
247 | May 17, 2015 | 10.5% | 9.9% |
248 | May 24, 2015 | 8.2% | 8.1% |
249 | May 31, 2015 | 9.8% | 10.3% |
250 | June 7, 2015 | 9.3% | 10.7% |
251 | June 14, 2015 | 10.4% | 11.0% |
252 | June 21, 2015 | 7.4% | 7.4% |
253 | June 28, 2015 | 8.2% | 8.0% |
254 | July 5, 2015 | 9.1% | 9.7% |
255 | July 12, 2015 | 11.3% | 11.0% |
256 | July 19, 2015 | 9.4% | 8.9% |
257 | July 26, 2015 | 8.4% | 7.7% |
258 | August 2, 2015 | 7.9% | 6.8% |
259 | August 9, 2015 | 9.2% | 9.0% |
260 | August 16, 2015 | 10.6% | 9.4% |
261 | August 23, 2015 | 8.2% | 8.6% |
262 | August 30, 2015 | 8.6% | 8.9% |
263 | September 6, 2015 | 7.9% | 8.7% |
264 | September 13, 2015 | 8.1% | 7.7% |
265 | September 20, 2015 | 8.1% | 9.0% |
266 | September 27, 2015 | 7.5% | 7.5% |
267 | October 4, 2015 | 8.5% | 8.7% |
268 | October 11, 2015 | 10.0% | 10.8% |
269 | October 18, 2015 | 7.8% | 8.9% |
270 | October 25, 2015 | 8.8% | 10.1% |
271 | November 1, 2015 | 10.1% | 9.6% |
272 | November 8, 2015 | 6.5% | 8.0% |
273 | November 15, 2015 | 4.4% | 5.4% |
274 | November 22, 2015 | 5.2% | 5.5% |
275 | November 29, 2015 | 4.8% | 6.1% |
276 | December 6, 2015 | 5.2% | 6.4% |
277 | December 13, 2015 | 4.5% | 4.8% |
278 | December 20, 2015 | 6.4% | 6.9% |
279 | December 27, 2015 | 7.4% | 6.9% |
- Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Running Man. (Note: Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time, which regular ratings include.)
Ep. # | Original Airdate | TNmS Ratings | Nielsen Ratings[34] |
---|---|---|---|
Nationwide | |||
280 | January 3, 2016 | 5.4% | 6.3% |
281 | January 10, 2016 | 6.0% | 6.6% |
282 | January 17, 2016 | 6.4% | 6.7% |
283 | January 24, 2016 | 6.2% | 7.2% |
284 | January 31, 2016 | 6.5% | 5.6% |
285 | February 7, 2016 | 5.4% | 5.9% |
286 | February 14, 2016 | 6.0% | 5.5% |
287 | February 21, 2016 | 6.0% | 6.1% |
288 | February 28, 2016 | 6.5% | 7.4% |
289 | March 6, 2016 | 7.1% | 7.5% |
290 | March 13, 2016 | 5.1% | 5.6% |
291 | March 20, 2016 | 6.4% | 6.4% |
292 | March 27, 2016 | 5.5% | 5.4% |
293 | April 3, 2016 | 6.8% | 8.0% |
294 | April 10, 2016 | 5.0% | 4.9% |
295 | April 17, 2016 | 7.0% | 7.4% |
296 | April 24, 2016 | 8.6% | 8.4% |
297 | May 1, 2016 | 9.3% | 9.1% |
298 | May 8, 2016 | 7.9% | 7.8% |
299 | May 15, 2016 | 8.0% | 9.1% |
300 | May 22, 2016 | 7.6% | 6.8% |
301 | May 29, 2016 | 7.1% | 7.7% |
302 | June 5, 2016 | 6.2% | 6.8% |
303 | June 12, 2016 | 6.6% | 6.8% |
304 | June 19, 2016 | 7.4% | 7.0% |
305 | June 26, 2016 | 6.3% | 7.4% |
306 | July 3, 2016 | 6.6% | 7.2% |
307 | July 10, 2016 | 7.4% | 7.4% |
308 | July 17, 2016 | 6.7% | 7.8% |
309 | July 24, 2016 | 7.2% | 7.1% |
310 | July 31, 2016 | 7.5% | 6.8% |
311 | August 7, 2016 | 5.9% | 5.3% |
312 | August 14, 2016 | 5.9% | 5.7% |
313 | August 21, 2016 | 5.9% | 5.7% |
314 | August 28, 2016 | 5.9% | 5.5% |
315 | September 4, 2016 | 7.3% | 6.1% |
316 | September 11, 2016 | 7.1% | 6.7% |
317 | September 18, 2016 | 6.9% | 7.0% |
318 | September 25, 2016 | 7.5% | 6.8% |
319 | October 2, 2016 | 6.5% | 6.2% |
320 | October 9, 2016 | 6.5% | 7.2% |
321 | October 16, 2016 | 6.3% | 6.5% |
322 | October 23, 2016 | 7.1% | 7.5% |
323 | October 30, 2016 | 6.2% | 6.4% |
324 | November 6, 2016 | 6.8% | 6.7% |
325 | November 13, 2016 | 7.1% | 6.2% |
326 | November 20, 2016 | 6.3% | 6.2% |
327 | November 27, 2016 | 7.0% | 6.7% |
328 | December 4, 2016 | 7.9% | 6.2% |
329 | December 11, 2016 | 7.3% | 6.6% |
330 | December 18, 2016 | 6.3% | 5.9% |
331 | December 25, 2016 | 5.5% | 5.3% |
- Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Running Man. (Note: Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time, which regular ratings include.)
- Note for TNmS ratings, the ones listed here is the higher ratings chosen amongst ratings for each episodes.
Ep. # | Original Airdate | TNmS Ratings | Nielsen Ratings[34] |
---|---|---|---|
Nationwide | |||
332 | January 1, 2017 | 6.6% | 6.6% |
333 | January 8, 2017 | 6.7% | 7.5% |
334 | January 15, 2017 | 8.0% | 7.8% |
335 | January 22, 2017 | 6.8% | 6.6% |
336 | January 29, 2017 | 5.3% | 4.9% |
337 | February 5, 2017 | 7.0% | 6.8% |
338 | February 12, 2017 | 6.9% | 6.8% |
339 | February 19, 2017 | 7.2% | 6.4% |
340 | February 26, 2017 | 7.3% | 7.4% |
341 | March 5, 2017 | 6.5% | 6.2% |
342 | March 19, 2017 | 6.2% | 5.5% |
343 | March 26, 2017 | 5.5% | 5.2% |
344 | April 2, 2017 | 6.4% | 5.1% |
345 | April 9, 2017 | 4.4% | 3.4% |
346 | April 16, 2017 | 5.6% | 5.4% |
347 | April 23, 2017 | 7.1% | 6.4% |
348 | April 30, 2017 | 4.9% | 5.2% |
349 | May 7, 2017 | 5.9% | 6.3% |
350 | May 14, 2017 | 7.8% | 6.6% |
351 | May 21, 2017 | 6.4% | 5.9% |
352 | May 28, 2017 | 6.2% | 6.2% |
353 | June 4, 2017 | 6.7% | 6.1% |
354 | June 11, 2017 | 6.3% | 5.9% |
355 | June 18, 2017 | 5.6% | 6.2% |
356 | June 25, 2017 | 6.0% | 6.2% |
357 | July 2, 2017 | 6.6% | 6.9% |
358 | July 9, 2017 | 7.2% | 6.1% |
359 | July 16, 2017 | 6.9% | 6.6% |
360 | July 23, 2017 | 8.3% | 8.0% |
361 | July 30, 2017 | 7.7% | 5.4% |
362 | August 6, 2017 | 6.8% | 5.5% |
363 | August 13, 2017 | 7.2% | 7.0% |
364 | August 20, 2017 | 6.8% | 6.6% |
365 | August 27, 2017 | 6.7% | 6.1% |
366 | September 3, 2017 | 6.5% | 7.7% |
367 | September 10, 2017 | 9.0% | 7.9% |
368 | September 17, 2017 | 8.7% | 8.2% |
369 | September 24, 2017 | 9.6% | 8.7% |
370 | October 1, 2017 | 7.7% | 8.3% |
371 | October 8, 2017 | 7.4% | 7.9% |
372 | October 15, 2017 | 8.4% | 8.8% |
373 | October 22, 2017 | 8.2% | 8.8% |
374 | October 29, 2017 | 8.9% | 8.2% |
375 | November 5, 2017 | 6.6% | 6.9% |
376 | November 12, 2017 | 7.7% | 7.7% |
377 | November 19, 2017 | 8.8% | 8.7% |
378 | November 26, 2017 | 7.9% | 8.6% |
379 | December 3, 2017 | 10.5% | 10.3% |
380 | December 10, 2017 | 8.6% | 9.4% |
381 | December 17, 2017 | 8.6% | 9.4% |
382 | December 24, 2017 | 7.5% | 8.5% |
383 | December 31, 2017 | 7.1% | 6.8% |
- Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Running Man. (Note: Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time, which regular ratings include.)
- Note for TNmS ratings, the ones listed is the highest ratings amongst ratings for each episodes.
Ep. # | Original Airdate | TNmS Ratings | Nielsen Ratings[34] |
---|---|---|---|
Nationwide | |||
384 | January 7, 2018 | 7.7% | 8.5% |
385 | January 14, 2018 | 7.3% | 8.6% |
386 | January 21, 2018 | 7.5% | 8.6% |
387 | January 28, 2018 | 8.6% | 9.6% |
388 | February 4, 2018 | 10.2% | 9.2% |
389 | February 18, 2018 | 7.8% | 7.8% |
390 | March 4, 2018 | 8.1% | 7.7% |
391 | March 11, 2018 | 7.8% | 7.0% |
392 | March 18, 2018 | 9.1% | 9.2% |
393 | March 25, 2018 | 7.3% | 8.1% |
394 | April 1, 2018 | 8.9% | 8.2% |
395 | April 8, 2018 | 6.9% | 7.3% |
396 | April 15, 2018 | 7.8% | 6.9% |
397 | April 22, 2018 | 8.4% | 7.4% |
398 | April 29, 2018 | 6.8% | 7.1% |
399 | May 6, 2018 | 7.6% | 6.8% |
400 | May 13, 2018 | 8.3% | 7.6% |
401 | May 20, 2018 | 8.2% | 5.9% |
402 | May 27, 2018 | 5.8% | 6.9% |
403 | June 3, 2018 | 7.0% | 6.6% |
404 | June 10, 2018 | 7.4% | 6.9% |
405 | June 17, 2018 | 7.7% | 7.2% |
406 | June 24, 2018 | 8.3% | 7.6% |
407 | July 1, 2018 | 11.3% | 7.9% |
408 | July 8, 2018 | 7.9% | 6.8% |
409 | July 15, 2018 | 8.3% | 7.1% |
410 | July 22, 2018 | 11.1% | 9.5% |
411 | July 29, 2018 | 8.8% | 6.5% |
412 | August 5, 2018 | 7.8% | 7.2% |
413 | August 12, 2018 | 7.3% | 7.0% |
414 | August 19, 2018 | 9.4% | 7.5% |
415 | August 26, 2018 | 9.9% | 8.0% |
416 | September 2, 2018 | 7.5% | 7.3% |
417 | September 9, 2018 | N/R | 7.5% |
418 | September 16, 2018 | 8.0% | |
419 | September 23, 2018 | 6.6% | |
420 | September 30, 2018 | 7.3% | |
421 | October 7, 2018 | 6.4% | |
422 | October 14, 2018 | 6.9% | |
423 | October 21, 2018 | 7.4% | |
424 | November 4, 2018 | 7.9% | |
425 | November 11, 2018 | 6.8% | |
426 | November 18, 2018 | 7.0% | |
427 | November 25, 2018 | 8.1% | |
428 | December 2, 2018 | 7.6% | |
429 | December 9, 2018 | 8.1% | |
430 | December 16, 2018 | 8.0% | |
431 | December 23, 2018 | 7.2% | |
432 | December 30, 2018 | 7.6% |
- Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Running Man. (Note: Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time, which regular ratings include.)
- Note for TNmS ratings, the ones listed is the highest ratings amongst ratings for each episodes.
Ep. # | Original Airdate | TNmS Ratings | Nielsen Ratings[34] |
---|---|---|---|
Nationwide | |||
433 | January 6, 2019 | N/R | 7.3% |
434 | January 13, 2019 | 6.4% | |
435 | January 20, 2019 | 7.3% | |
436 | January 27, 2019 | 6.0% | |
437 | February 3, 2019 | 6.2% | |
438 | February 10, 2019 | 7.8% | |
439 | February 17, 2019 | 6.7% | |
440 | February 24, 2019 | 6.5% | |
441 | March 3, 2019 | 6.5% | |
442 | March 10, 2019 | 6.7% | |
443 | March 17, 2019 | 7.5% | |
444 | March 24, 2019 | 6.7% | |
445 | March 31, 2019 | 6.9% | |
446 | April 7, 2019 | 6.5% | |
447 | April 14, 2019 | 6.7% | |
448 | April 21, 2019 | 6.0% | |
449 | April 28, 2019 | 7.0% | |
450 | May 5, 2019 | 5.4% | |
451 | May 12, 2019 | 6.4% | |
452 | May 19, 2019 | 8.1% | |
453 | May 26, 2019 | 6.0% |
Tours[edit]
Other works[edit]
Merchandising[edit]
In order to 'relay the feeling of Running Man', Running Man has made merchandises available on sale since 2015. The products ranging from stickers, socks, hats, shirts, and shoes.[35]
On May 26, 2015, a special project called the 'Running Man Challenge' was made in collaboration with a footwear co-created platform, ROOY.[36] Its main objective is for the fans to design a shoe that 'would unify and coordinate between the cast members.' 777 submissions were made, and in June 2015, a design made by a fan named Noh Seung-soo was selected to be the official design for the shoes. The shoes went on sale on February 22, 2016.[37][38] Currently, a second 'Running Man Challenge' is held. The winner for this challenge will have his/her design to be the new shoes.[39]
In 2016, Running Man collaborated with NBA to make a 300th Anniversary special hats and shirts.[40]
Animation[edit]
On June 14, 2017, it was announced that Running Man will be adapted into a half-hour animated show. It will features the original seven members, including former member Gary, in animal form.[41] The show will have 24 episodes and EXO-CBX will provide the theme song for the show. Additionally, the animated show will be the first show to be broadcast in UHD in South Korea.[42]
Comic book[edit]
In March 2013, a comic book adaptation of the series was published. The series, titled Running Man: How do I Find the Kidnapped Idol?, is written by Hong Yong-hoon and illustrated by Kim Moon-shik. The comic book, which is aimed for children, was released on March 25, 2013.[43][44]
Animation Movie[edit]
In December 5, 2018, 'Running Man, 2018' animated series was released in the theaters.[45][46]
Musical[edit]
In March 30 and 31, 2019, the played which was titled, 'The Musical Running Man' was performed at Busan Citizen's Hall.[47]
Other appearances[edit]
Year | Title | Network | Member(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | Keep Running | ZRTG | All | Guest Appearance | |
2015 | A Girl Who Sees Smells | SBS | All | Cameo (episode 1) | [48] |
Game of Dice | N/A | Gary, Ji Suk-jin, Kim Jong-kook, Lee Kwang-soo, Song Ji-hyo | Commercial film | [49] | |
2016 | Keep Running | ZRTG | All | Guest Appearance | [50] |
Controversy[edit]
Gary's departure[edit]
On September 2012, Gary made a surprising announcement on social media about his intention to leave the program. It is believed that his intention came from the recent criticism concerning the 'Super 7 Concert' which his company, Leessang Company, was producing. Gary decided to take responsibility for its failure by resigning himself from any activities. Due to this, Running Man production staff and the members decided to postpone their filming schedule on September 24–25, 2012 to convince him to stay in the program.[51][52] A week later, Gary officially apologized due to the controversy that he created and confirmed his decision to remain as a member of the program.[53]
Season 2 proposal[edit]
On December 14, 2016, it was announced that Kim Jong-kook and Song Ji-hyo were leaving the show, as a new season with a new format starring the remaining cast members and new member Kang Ho-dong would air in January 2017.[54][55][56] Initial reception was mixed. However, it was revealed that Song Ji-hyo and Kim Jong-kook were not given any notice about their removal, resulting in an overwhelming negative reaction.[57][58] In addition, news of Kang Ho-dong refusing the offer to join the new season resulted in a possible cancellation of Season 2 of Running Man.[59]
On December 16, 2016, an emergency meeting was held with the consensus reached that all members would leave, ending the program altogether in February 2017[60][61][61][62] with a subsequent program taking its place.[63]
However, on January 24, 2017, SBS announced that the show will continue airing with all of the remaining cast members. The decision came after Nam Seung-yong, the new Vice President of SBS Entertainment Headquarters, who was involved in conceiving Running Man, had further conversations with every member in regards to the show's future.[64][65] Subsequently, after apologizing to Kim Jong-Kook and Song Ji Hyo for all of the issues regarding the program, the former then became actively involved in convincing the other members to continue working on the program.[66]
Awards and nominations[edit]
References[edit]
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- ^'런닝맨 : 풀룰루의 역습'. movie.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2018-12-21.
- ^'[이슈메이커] 애니메이션 뮤지컬 '런닝맨 - 마지막 승자' 부산 공연 앞둬'. 이슈메이커 (in Korean). 2019-02-27. Retrieved 2019-02-27.
- ^''냄새를 보는 소녀'에 런닝맨 등장..온갖 지원사격 출동' (in Korean). Daily Spot News. 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
- ^JOYCITY, 조이시티 (October 14, 2015). '주사위의신! 티저영상 대공개' (in Korean). Youtube.
- ^- 欢迎订阅 -浙江卫视【奔跑吧】官方频道, [ENG SUB FULL] Running Man China S4EP5 20160513【ZhejiangTV HD1080P】Ft. running man in Korea, retrieved 2018-12-23
- ^'LeeSsang′s Gary Announces He Will be Leaving ′Running Man′ and Variety in General'. MWave. 2012-09-22. Archived from the original on 2016-12-09. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
- ^''Infinity Challenge' and 'Running Man' Cancel Shoot Due to Gil and Gary's Absence'. Soompi.com. 2012-09-26. Archived from the original on 2017-04-05. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
- ^'Gary Apologizes for Quitting Debacle on 'Running Man''. KpopStarz. 2012-10-08. Archived from the original on 2017-04-05. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
- ^'{title}' [단독]김종국·송지효, '런닝맨' 하차 이틀 전 일방통보. Nate (in Korean). 14 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
- ^'{title}' [단독] '유재석X강호동' 꿈의 조합, '런닝맨' 새 시즌 연다. Sports Chosun (in Korean). 14 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-12-03. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
- ^'Kang Ho Dong to join 'Running Man' + Kim Jong Kook & Song Ji Hyo leaving?'. allkpop.com. 13 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-12-14. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
- ^'Kim Jong Kook and Song Ji Hyo's labels confirmed they were blind-sided by 'Running Man' producers'. allkpop.com. 14 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-12-15. Retrieved 2016-12-14.ķ
- ^'[★BREAKING] Song Ji Hyo and Kim Jong Kook were kicked out of Running Man, without being told'. koreaboo.com. 14 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-12-15. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
- ^'Kang Ho Dong declines offer to join 'Running Man''. allkpop.com. 14 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-12-15. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
- ^'[단독] '런닝맨' 멤버들, 현재 여의도 긴급 회동 '전원 하차 논의''. Daum 연예 (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ^ ab'[단독] '런닝맨' 2월 종영 확정…'멤버 6인 전원 합류해 마무리''. Sports Chosun (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2017-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ^''런닝맨' PD '사과 받아준 김종국·송지효, 의리 감사하다' [인터뷰]'. twitter (in Korean). Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ^'SBS addresses rumors about the new season of 'Running Man' completely falling apart'. allkpop.com. 17 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-12-17. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^'런닝맨' 현 멤버 그대로 계속 달린다!!. Nate (in Korean). 24 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
- ^Lee Jin-a (January 25, 2017). ''Running Man' will keep on running'. The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 2017-02-03. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
- ^'[피플IS]다시 뛰는 '런닝맨', 김종국이 설득했다'. isplus.join.com (in Korean). 31 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-12-02. Retrieved 2017-02-18.
External links[edit]
- Official website on SBSThe Soty(in Korean)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Running Man (TV Series). |
English Channel | |
---|---|
Location | Western Europe; between the Celtic Sea and North Sea |
Coordinates | 50°N02°W / 50°N 2°WCoordinates: 50°N02°W / 50°N 2°W |
Part of | Atlantic Ocean |
Primary inflows | River Exe, River Seine, River Test, River Tamar, River Somme |
Basin countries | England (UK) France Guernsey (UK) Jersey (UK) |
Max. length | 560 km (350 mi) |
Max. width | 240 km (150 mi) |
Surface area | 75,000 km2 (29,000 sq mi) |
Average depth | 63 m (207 ft) |
Max. depth | 174 m (571 ft) at Hurd's Deep |
Salinity | 3.4–3.5% |
Max. temperature | 15 °C (59 °F) |
Min. temperature | 5 °C (41 °F) |
Islands | Île de Bréhat, Île de Batz, Chausey, Tatihou, Îles Saint-Marcouf, Isle of Wight, Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, Herm |
Settlements | Bournemouth, Brighton, Plymouth, Portsmouth, Calais, Le Havre |
The English Channel (French: la Manche, 'The Sleeve'; German: Ärmelkanal, 'Sleeve Channel'; Breton: Mor Breizh, 'Sea of Brittany'; Cornish: Mor Bretannek, 'British Sea'; Dutch: Het Kanaal, 'The Channel'), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates Southern England from northern France and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world.[1]
It is about 560 km (350 mi) long and varies in width from 240 km (150 mi) at its widest to 33.3 km (20.7 mi) in the Strait of Dover.[2] It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some 75,000 km2 (29,000 sq mi).[3]
- 2Nature
- 3Human history
- 4Population
- 5Economy
- 6History of Channel crossings
Name[edit]
Until the 18th century, the English Channel had no fixed name either in English or in French. It was never defined as a political border, and the names were more or less descriptive. It was not considered as the property of a nation. Before the development of the modern nations, British scholars very often referred to it as 'Gaulish' (Gallicum in Latin) and French scholars as 'British' or 'English'.[4] The name 'English Channel' has been widely used since the early 18th century, possibly originating from the designation Engelse Kanaal in Dutch sea maps from the 16th century onwards. In modern Dutch, however, it is known as Het Kanaal (with no reference to the word 'English').[5] Later, it has also been known as the 'British Channel'[6] or the 'British Sea'. It was called Oceanus Britannicus by the 2nd-century geographer Ptolemy. The same name is used on an Italian map of about 1450, which gives the alternative name of canalites Anglie—possibly the first recorded use of the 'Channel' designation.[7] The Anglo-Saxon texts often call it Sūð-sǣ ('South Sea') as opposed to Norð-sǣ ('North Sea' = Bristol Channel). The common wordchannel was first recorded in Middle English in the 13th century and was borrowed from Old French chanel, variant form of chenel 'canal'.
The French name la Manche has been in use since at least the 17th century.[3] The name is usually said to refer to the Channel's sleeve (French: la manche) shape. Folk etymology has derived it from a Celtic word meaning channel that is also the source of the name for the Minch in Scotland,[8] but this name was never mentioned before the 17th century, and French and British sources of that time are perfectly clear about its etymology.[9] The name in Breton (Mor Breizh) means 'Breton Sea', and its Cornish name (Mor Bretannek) means 'British Sea'.
Nature[edit]
Geography[edit]
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the English Channel as follows:[10]
On the West.
A line joining Isle Vierge (48°38′23″N4°34′13″W / 48.63972°N 4.57028°W) to Lands End (50°04′N5°43′W / 50.067°N 5.717°W).
On the East.
The Southwestern limit of the North Sea.
The IHO defines the southwestern limit of the North Sea as 'a line joining the Walde Lighthouse (France, 1°55'E) and Leathercoat Point (England, 51°10'N)'.[10] The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km east of Calais (50°59′06″N1°55′00″E / 50.98500°N 1.91667°E), and Leathercoat Point is at the north end of St Margaret's Bay, Kent (51°10′00″N1°24′00″E / 51.16667°N 1.40000°E).
The Strait of Dover (French: Pas de Calais), at the Channel's eastern end, is its narrowest point, while its widest point lies between Lyme Bay and the Gulf of Saint Malo, near its midpoint.[2] It is relatively shallow, with an average depth of about 120 m (390 ft) at its widest part, reducing to a depth of about 45 m (148 ft) between Dover and Calais. Eastwards from there the adjoining North Sea reduces to about 26 m (85 ft) in the Broad Fourteens where it lies over the watershed of the former land bridge between East Anglia and the Low Countries. It reaches a maximum depth of 180 m (590 ft) in the submerged valley of Hurd's Deep, 48 km (30 mi) west-northwest of Guernsey.[11] The eastern region along the French coast between Cherbourg and the mouth of the Seine river at Le Havre is frequently referred to as the Bay of the Seine (French: Baie de Seine).[12]
There are several major islands in the Channel, the most notable being the Isle of Wight off the English coast, and the Channel Islands, British Crown dependencies off the coast of France. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is deeply indented; several small islands close to the coastline, including Chausey and Mont Saint-Michel, are within French jurisdiction. The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel, whilst on the English side there is a small parallel strait known as the Solent between the Isle of Wight and the mainland. The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel.
The Channel acts as a funnel that amplifies the tidal range from less than a metre as observed at sea[clarification needed] to more than 6 metres as observed in the Channel Islands, the west coast of the Cotentin Peninsula and the north coast of Brittany. The time difference of about six hours between high water at the eastern and western limits of the Channel is indicative of the tidal range being amplified further by resonance.[13]
In the UK Shipping Forecast the Channel is divided into the following areas, from the east:
Geological origins[edit]
The Channel is of geologically recent origin, having been dry land for most of the Pleistocene period.[14] Before the Devensian glaciation (the most recent glacial period, which ended around 10,000 years ago), Britain and Ireland were part of continental Europe, linked by an unbroken Weald-Artois Anticline, a ridge that acted as a natural dam holding back a large freshwater pro-glacial lake in the Doggerland region, now submerged under the North Sea. During this period the North Sea and almost all of the British Isles were covered by ice. The lake was fed by meltwater from the Baltic and from the Caledonian and Scandinavian ice sheets that joined to the north, blocking its exit. The sea level was about 120 m (390 ft) lower than it is today. Then, between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago, at least two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods breached the Weald–Artois anticline.
The first flood would have lasted for several months, releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second.[15][16] The flood started with large but localized waterfalls over the ridge, which excavated depressions now known as the Fosses Dangeard. The flow eroded the retaining ridge, causing the rock dam to fail and releasing lake water into the Atlantic. After multiple episodes of changing sea level, during which the Fosses Dangeard were largely infilled by various layers of sediment, another catastrophic flood carved a large bedrock-floored valley, the Lobourg Channel, some 500 m wide and 25 m deep, from the southern North Sea basin through the centre of the Straits of Dover and into the English Channel. It left streamlined islands, longitudinal erosional grooves, and other features characteristic of catastrophic megaflood events, still present on the sea floor and now revealed by high-resolution sonar.[17][18][19] Through the scoured channel passed a river, which drained the combined Rhine and Thames westwards to the Atlantic.
The flooding destroyed the ridge that connected Britain to continental Europe, although a land connection across the southern North Sea would have existed intermittently at later times when periods of glaciation resulted in lowering of sea levels.[20] At the end of the last glacial period, rising sea levels finally severed the last land connection.
Ecology[edit]
As a busy shipping lane, the Channel experiences environmental problems following accidents involving ships with toxic cargo and oil spills.[21] Indeed, over 40% of the UK incidents threatening pollution occur in or very near the Channel.[22] One of the recent occurrences was the MSC Napoli, which on 18 January 2007 was beached with nearly 1700 tonnes of dangerous cargo in Lyme Bay, a protected World Heritage Site coastline.[23] The ship had been damaged and was en route to Portland Harbour.
Human history[edit]
Which serves it in the office of a wall
Or as a moat defensive to a house,
Against the envy of less happier lands.
William Shakespeare, Richard II (Act II, Scene 1)
The channel, which delayed human reoccupation of Great Britain for more than 100,000 years,[24] has in historic times been both an easy entry for seafaring people and a key natural defence, halting invading armies while in conjunction with control of the North Sea allowing Britain to blockade the continent.[citation needed] The most significant failed invasion threats came when the Dutch and Belgian ports were held by a major continental power, e.g. from the Spanish Armada in 1588, Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars, and Nazi Germany during World War II. Successful invasions include the Roman conquest of Britain and the Norman Conquest in 1066, while the concentration of excellent harbours in the Western Channel on Britain's south coast made possible the largest amphibious invasion of all time, the Normandy Landings in 1944. Channel naval battles include the Battle of the Downs (1639), Battle of Goodwin Sands (1652), the Battle of Portland (1653), the Battle of La Hougue (1692) and the engagement between USS Kearsarge and CSS Alabama (1864).
In more peaceful times the Channel served as a link joining shared cultures and political structures, particularly the huge Angevin Empire from 1135 to 1217. For nearly a thousand years, the Channel also provided a link between the Modern Celtic regions and languages of Cornwall and Brittany. Brittany was founded by Britons who fled Cornwall and Devon after Anglo-Saxon encroachment. In Brittany, there is a region known as 'Cornouaille' (Cornwall) in French and 'Kernev' in Breton[25] In ancient times there was also a 'Domnonia' (Devon) in Brittany as well.
In February 1684, ice formed on the sea in a belt 3 miles (4.8 km) wide off the coast of Kent and 2 miles (3.2 km) wide on the French side.[26][27]
Route to Britain[edit]
Remnants of a mesolithic boatyard have been found on the Isle of Wight. Wheat was traded across the Channel about 8,000 years ago.[28][29] '.. Sophisticated social networks linked the Neolithic front in southern Europe to the Mesolithic peoples of northern Europe.' The Ferriby Boats, Hanson Log Boats and the later Dover Bronze Age Boat could carry a substantial cross-Channel cargo.[30]
Diodorus Siculus and Pliny[31] both suggest trade between the rebel Celtic tribes of Armorica and Iron Age Britain flourished. In 55 BC Julius Caesar invaded, claiming that the Britons had aided the Veneti against him the previous year. He was more successful in 54 BC, but Britain was not fully established as part of the Roman Empire until completion of the invasion by Aulus Plautius in 43 AD. A brisk and regular trade began between ports in Roman Gaul and those in Britain. This traffic continued until the end of Roman rule in Britain in 410 AD, after which the early Anglo-Saxons left less clear historical records.
In the power vacuum left by the retreating Romans, the Germanic Angles, Saxons, and Jutes began the next great migration across the North Sea. Having already been used as mercenaries in Britain by the Romans, many people from these tribes crossed during the Migration Period, conquering and perhaps displacing the native Celtic populations.[32]
Norsemen and Normans[edit]
The attack on Lindisfarne in 793 is generally considered the beginning of the Viking Age. For the next 250 years the Scandinavian raiders of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark dominated the North Sea, raiding monasteries, homes, and towns along the coast and along the rivers that ran inland. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle they began to settle in Britain in 851. They continued to settle in the British Isles and the continent until around 1050.[33]
The fiefdom of Normandy was created for the Viking leader Rollo (also known as Robert of Normandy). Rollo had besieged Paris but in 911 entered vassalage to the king of the West FranksCharles the Simple through the Treaty of St.-Claire-sur-Epte. In exchange for his homage and fealty, Rollo legally gained the territory he and his Viking allies had previously conquered. The name 'Normandy' reflects Rollo's Viking (i.e. 'Northman') origins.
The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local Gallo-Romance language and intermarried with the area's inhabitants and became the Normans – a Norman French-speaking mixture of Scandinavians, Hiberno-Norse, Orcadians, Anglo-Danish, and indigenous Franks and Gauls.
Rollo's descendant William, Duke of Normandy became king of England in 1066 in the Norman Conquest beginning with the Battle of Hastings, while retaining the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants. In 1204, during the reign of King John, mainland Normandy was taken from England by France under Philip II, while insular Normandy (the Channel Islands) remained under English control. In 1259, Henry III of England recognised the legality of French possession of mainland Normandy under the Treaty of Paris. His successors, however, often fought to regain control of mainland Normandy.
With the rise of William the Conqueror the North Sea and Channel began to lose some of their importance. The new order oriented most of England and Scandinavia's trade south, toward the Mediterranean and the Orient.
Although the British surrendered claims to mainland Normandy and other French possessions in 1801, the monarch of the United Kingdom retains the title Duke of Normandy in respect to the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands (except for Chausey) are Crown dependencies of the British Crown. Thus the Loyal toast in the Channel Islands is La Reine, notre Duc ('The Queen, our Duke'). The British monarch is understood to not be the Duke of Normandy in regards of the French region of Normandy described herein, by virtue of the Treaty of Paris of 1259, the surrender of French possessions in 1801, and the belief that the rights of succession to that title are subject to Salic Law which excludes inheritance through female heirs.
French Normandy was occupied by English forces during the Hundred Years' War in 1346–1360 and again in 1415–1450.
England and Britain: Naval superpower[edit]
From the reign of Elizabeth I, English foreign policy concentrated on preventing invasion across the Channel by ensuring no major European power controlled the potential Dutch and Flemish invasion ports. Her climb to the pre-eminent sea power of the world began in 1588 as the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada was defeated by the combination of outstanding naval tactics by the English and the Dutch under command of Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham with Sir Francis Drake second in command, and the following stormy weather. Over the centuries the Royal Navy slowly grew to be the most powerful in the world.[34]
The building of the British Empire was possible only because the Royal Navy eventually managed to exercise unquestioned control over the seas around Europe, especially the Channel and the North Sea. During the Seven Years' War, France attempted to launch an invasion of Britain. To achieve this France needed to gain control of the Channel for several weeks, but was thwarted following the British naval victory at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759.
Another significant challenge to British domination of the seas came during the Napoleonic Wars. The Battle of Trafalgar took place off the coast of Spain against a combined French and Spanish fleet and was won by Admiral Horatio Nelson, ending Napoleon's plans for a cross-Channel invasion and securing British dominance of the seas for over a century.
First World War[edit]
The exceptional strategic importance of the Channel as a tool for blockade was recognised by the First Sea Lord Admiral Fisher in the years before World War I. 'Five keys lock up the world! Singapore, the Cape, Alexandria, Gibraltar, Dover.'[35] However, on 25 July 1909 Louis Blériot made the first Channel crossing from Calais to Dover in an aeroplane. Blériot's crossing signalled the end of the Channel as a barrier-moat for England against foreign enemies.
Because the Kaiserliche Marine surface fleet could not match the British Grand Fleet, the Germans developed submarine warfare, which was to become a far greater threat to Britain. The Dover Patrol was set up just before the war started to escort cross-Channel troopships and to prevent submarines from sailing in the Channel, obliging them to travel to the Atlantic via the much longer route around Scotland.
On land, the German army attempted to capture Channel ports in the Race to the Sea but although the trenches are often said to have stretched 'from the frontier of Switzerland to the English Channel', they reached the coast at the North Sea. Much of the British war effort in Flanders was a bloody but successful strategy to prevent the Germans reaching the Channel coast.
At the outset of the war, an attempt was made to block the path of U-boats through the Dover Strait with naval minefields. By February 1915, this had been augmented by a 25 kilometres (16 mi) stretch of light steel netting called the Dover Barrage, which it was hoped would ensnare submerged submarines. After initial success, the Germans learned how to pass through the barrage, aided by the unreliability of British mines.[36] On 31 January 1917, the Germans restarted unrestricted submarine warfare leading to dire Admiralty predictions that submarines would defeat Britain by November,[37] the most dangerous situation Britain faced in either world war.
The Battle of Passchendaele in 1917 was fought to reduce the threat by capturing the submarine bases on the Belgian coast, though it was the introduction of convoys and not capture of the bases that averted defeat. In April 1918 the Dover Patrol carried out the Zeebrugge Raid against the U-boat bases. During 1917, the Dover Barrage was re-sited with improved mines and more effective nets, aided by regular patrols by small warships equipped with powerful searchlights. A German attack on these vessels resulted in the Battle of Dover Strait in 1917.[38] A much more ambitious attempt to improve the barrage, by installing eight massive concrete towers across the strait was called the Admiralty M-N Scheme but only two towers were nearing completion at the end of the war and the project was abandoned.[39]
The naval blockade in the Channel and North Sea was one of the decisive factors in the German defeat in 1918.[40]
Second World War[edit]
During the Second World War, naval activity in the European theatre was primarily limited to the Atlantic. During the Battle of France in May 1940, the German forces succeeded in capturing both Boulogne and Calais, thereby threatening the line of retreat for the British Expeditionary Force. By a combination of hard fighting and German indecision, the port of Dunkirk was kept open allowing 338,000 Allied troops to be evacuated in Operation Dynamo. More than 11,000 were evacuated from Le Havre during Operation Cycle[41] and a further 192,000 were evacuated from ports further down the coast in Operation Ariel in June 1940.[42] The early stages of the Battle of Britain[43] featured German air attacks on Channel shipping and ports; despite these early successes against shipping the Germans did not win the air supremacy necessary for Operation Sealion, the projected cross-Channel invasion.
The Channel subsequently became the stage for an intensive coastal war, featuring submarines, minesweepers, and Fast Attack Craft.[44]
The narrow waters of the Channel were considered too dangerous for major warships until the Normandy Landings with the exception, for the German Kriegsmarine, of the Channel Dash (Operation Cerberus) in February 1942, and this required the support of the Luftwaffe in Operation Thunderbolt.
Dieppe was the site of an ill-fated Dieppe Raid by Canadian and British armed forces. More successful was the later Operation Overlord (D-Day), a massive invasion of German-occupied France by Allied troops. Caen, Cherbourg, Carentan, Falaise and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the fight for the province, which continued until the closing of the so-called Falaise gap between Chambois and Montormel, then liberation of Le Havre.
The Channel Islands were the only part of the British Commonwealthoccupied by Germany (excepting the part of Egypt occupied by the Afrika Korps at the time of the Second Battle of El Alamein, which was a protectorate and not part of the Commonwealth). The German occupation of 1940–1945 was harsh, with some island residents being taken for slave labour on the Continent; native Jews sent to concentration camps; partisan resistance and retribution; accusations of collaboration; and slave labour (primarily Russians and eastern Europeans) being brought to the islands to build fortifications.[45][46] The Royal Navy blockaded the islands from time to time, particularly following the liberation of mainland Normandy in 1944. Intense negotiations resulted in some Red Cross humanitarian aid, but there was considerable hunger and privation during the occupation, particularly in the final months, when the population was close to starvation. The German troops on the islands surrendered on 9 May 1945, a day after the final surrender in mainland Europe.
Population[edit]
The English Channel coast is far more densely populated on the English shore. The most significant towns and cities along both the English and French sides of the Channel (each with more than 20,000 inhabitants, ranked in descending order; populations are the urban area populations from the 1999 French census, 2001 UK census, and 2001 Jersey census) are as follows:
England[edit]
- Brighton–Worthing–Littlehampton: 461,181 inhabitants, made up of:
- Brighton: 155,919
- Worthing: 96,964
- Hove: 72,335
- Littlehampton: 55,716
- Lancing–Sompting: 30,360
- Portsmouth: 442,252, including
- Gosport: 79,200
- Bournemouth & Poole: 383,713
- Southampton: 304,400
- Plymouth: 258,700
- Torbay (Torquay): 129,702
- Hastings–Bexhill: 126,386
- Exeter: 119,600
- Eastbourne: 106,562
- Bognor Regis: 62,141
- Folkestone–Hythe: 60,039
- Weymouth: 56,043
- Dover: 39,078
- Walmer–Deal: 35,941
- Exmouth: 32,972
- Falmouth–Penryn: 28,801
- Ryde: 22,806
- St Austell: 22,658
- Seaford: 21,851
- Falmouth: 21,635
- Penzance: 20,255
France[edit]
- Le Havre: 248,547 inhabitants
- Calais: 104,852
- Boulogne-sur-Mer: 42,537
- Cherbourg: 42,318
- Saint-Brieuc: 45,879
- Saint-Malo: 50,675
- Lannion–Perros-Guirec: 48,990
- Dieppe: 42,202
- Morlaix: 35,996
- Dinard: 25,006
- Étaples–Le Touquet-Paris-Plage: 23,994
- Fécamp: 22,717
- Eu–Le Tréport: 22,019
- Trouville-sur-Mer–Deauville: 20,406
Channel Islands[edit]
- Saint Helier, Jersey: 28,310 inhabitants
- Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: 16,488 inhabitants
- Saint Anne, Alderney: 2,200 inhabitants
- Sark: 600 inhabitants
- Herm: 60 inhabitants
Culture and languages[edit]
The two dominant cultures are English on the north shore of the Channel, French on the south. However, there are also a number of minority languages that are or were found on the shores and islands of the English Channel, which are listed here, with the Channel's name following them.
- Celtic Languages
- Breton – 'Mor Breizh' (Sea of Brittany)
- Cornish – 'Mor Bretannek'
- Irish: Muir nIocht – 'Merciful Sea'
- Germanic languages
- English
- Dutch – 'het Kanaal' (the Channel)
Dutch previously had a larger range, and extended into parts of modern-day France. For more information, please see French Flemish.
- Romance languages
- French – 'La Manche'
- Gallo – 'Manche', 'Grand-Mè', 'Mè Bertone'[47]
- Norman, including the Channel Island vernaculars:
- Anglo-Norman (extinct, but fossilised in certain English law phrases)
- Auregnais (extinct)
- Cotentinais – 'Maunche'
- Guernesiais – 'Ch'nal'
- Jèrriais – 'Ch'na'
Most other languages tend towards variants of the French and English forms, but notably Welsh has 'Môr Udd'.
Economy[edit]
Shipping through[edit]
The Channel has traffic on both the UK-Europe and North Sea-Atlantic routes, and is the world's busiest seaway, with over 500 ships per day.[48] Following an accident in January 1971 and a series of disastrous collisions with wreckage in February,[49] the Dover TSS[50] the world's first radar-controlled Traffic Separation Scheme was set up by the International Maritime Organization. The scheme mandates that vessels travelling north must use the French side, travelling south the English side. There is a separation zone between the two lanes.[51]
In December 2002 the MV Tricolor, carrying £30m of luxury cars sank 32 km (20 mi) northwest of Dunkirk after collision in fog with the container ship Kariba. The cargo ship Nicola ran into the wreckage the next day. There was no loss of life.[citation needed]
The shore-based long range traffic control system was updated in 2003 and there is a series of Traffic Separation Systems in operation.[52] Though the system is inherently incapable of reaching the levels of safety obtained from aviation systems such as the Traffic Collision Avoidance System, it has reduced accidents to one or two per year.[citation needed]
Marine GPS systems allow ships to be preprogrammed to follow navigational channels accurately and automatically, further avoiding risk of running aground, but following the fatal collision between Dutch Aquamarine and Ash in October 2001, Britain's Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) issued a safety bulletin saying it believed that in these most unusual circumstances GPS use had actually contributed to the collision.[53] The ships were maintaining a very precise automated course, one directly behind the other, rather than making use of the full width of the traffic lanes as a human navigator would.
A combination of radar difficulties in monitoring areas near cliffs, a failure of a CCTV system, incorrect operation of the anchor, the inability of the crew to follow standard procedures of using a GPS to provide early warning of the ship dragging the anchor and reluctance to admit the mistake and start the engine led to the MV Willy running aground in Cawsand bay, Cornwall in January 2002. The MAIB report makes it clear that the harbour controllers were informed of impending disaster by shore observers before the crew were themselves aware.[54] The village of Kingsand was evacuated for three days because of the risk of explosion, and the ship was stranded for 11 days.[55][56][57]
Ferry[edit]
The number of ferry routes crossing the Strait of Dover has reduced since the Channel Tunnel opened. Current cross-channel ferry routes are:
- Dover–Calais
- Dover–Dunkirk
- Newhaven–Dieppe
- Plymouth–Roscoff
- Poole–Cherbourg
- Poole–Saint Malo
- Portsmouth–Cherbourg
- Portsmouth–Jersey and Guernsey
- Portsmouth–Le Havre
- Portsmouth–Ouistreham
- Portsmouth–Saint Malo
- Rosslare–Cherbourg
- Rosslare–Roscoff
- Weymouth–Saint Malo
Channel Tunnel[edit]
Many travellers cross beneath the Channel using the Channel Tunnel, first proposed in the early 19th century and finally opened in 1994, connecting the UK and France by rail. It is now routine to travel between Paris or Brussels and London on the Eurostar train. Freight trains also use the tunnel. Cars, coaches and lorries are carried on Eurotunnel Shuttle trains between Folkestone and Calais.
Tourism[edit]
The coastal resorts of the Channel, such as Brighton and Deauville, inaugurated an era of aristocratic tourism in the early 19th century, which developed into the seaside tourism that has shaped resorts around the world.[citation needed] Short trips across the Channel for leisure purposes are often referred to as Channel Hopping.
History of Channel crossings[edit]
As one of the narrowest and most well-known international waterways lacking dangerous currents, the Channel has been the first objective of numerous innovative sea, air, and human powered crossing technologies.[citation needed]Pre-historic people sailed from the mainland to England for millennia. At the end of the last Ice Age, lower sea levels even permitted walking across.[58][59]
By boat[edit]
Date | Crossing | Participant(s) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
March 1816 | The French paddle steamer Élise (ex Scottish-built Margery or Margory) was the first steamer to cross the Channel. | ||
9 May 1816 | Paddle steamer Defiance, Captain William Wager, was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland[60] | ||
10 June 1821 | Paddle steamer Rob Roy, first passenger ferry to cross channel | The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV. | |
June 1843 | First ferry connection through Folkestone-Boulogne | Commanding officer Captain Hayward | |
25 July 1959 | Hovercraft crossing (Calais to Dover, 2 hours 3 minutes) | SR-N1 | Sir Christopher Cockerell was on board |
1960s | First crossing by water ski. | An annual cross-channel ski race was run from the Varne Boat Club from the 1960s onwards. The race was from the Varne club in Greatstone on Sea to Cap Gris Nez / Boulogne (latter years) and back. Many waterskiers have made this return crossing non-stop since this time.[citation needed] Youngest known waterskier to cross the Channel was John Clements aged 10, from the Varne Boat Club on 22 August 1974 who made the crossing from Littlestone to Boulogne and back without falling.[citation needed] | |
22 August 1972 | First solo hovercraft crossing (same route as SR-N1; 2 hours 20 minutes)[61] | Nigel Beale (UK) | |
1974 | Coracle (13 and a half hours) | Bernard Thomas (UK) | As part of a publicity stunt, the journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the Bull Boats of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota could have been copied from Welsh coracles introduced by Prince Madog in the 12th century.[62] |
14 September 1995 | Fastest crossing by hovercraft, 22 minutes by Princess Anne | MCH SR-N4 MkIII | Craft was designed as a ferry |
1997 | First vessel to complete a solar-powered crossing using photovoltaic cells | SB Collinda | -- |
14 June 2004 | New record time for crossing in amphibious vehicle (the Gibbs Aquada, three-seater open-top sports car) | Richard Branson (UK) | Completed crossing in 1 hour 40 minutes 6 seconds – previous record was 6 hours.[citation needed] |
26 July 2006 | New record time for crossing in hydrofoil car (the Rinspeed Splash, two-seater open-top sports car) | Frank M. Rinderknecht (Switzerland) | Completed crossing in 3 hours 14 minutes[63] |
25 September 2006 | First crossing on a towed inflatable object (not a powered inflatable boat) | Stephen Preston (UK) | Completed crossing in 180 min[64] |
July 2007 | BBC Top Gear presenters 'drive' to France in amphibious cars | Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond, James May (UK) | Completed the crossing in a 1996 Nissan D21 pick-up (the 'Nissank'), fitted with a Honda outboard engine.[65] |
20 August 2011 | First Crossing by Sea Scooters | A four-man relay team from Scarborough, North Yorkshire, headed by Heath Samples, crossed from Shakespeare Beach to Wissant.[citation needed] | It took 12 hours 26 minutes 39 seconds and set a new Guinness World Record. |
Pierre Andriel crossed the English Channel aboard the Élise, ex the Scottish p.s. 'Margery' in March 1816, one of the earliest seagoing voyages by steam ship.
The paddle steamer Defiance, Captain William Wager, was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland, arriving there on 9 May 1816.[60]
On 10 June 1821, English-built paddle steamerRob Roy was the first passenger ferry to cross channel. The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV and put into regular passenger service a year later. It was able to make the journey across the Straits of Dover in around three hours.[66]
In June 1843, because of difficulties with Dover harbour, the South Eastern Railway company developed the Boulogne-sur-Mer-Folkestone route as an alternative to Calais-Dover. The first ferry crossed under the command of Captain Hayward.[67]
In 1974 a Welsh coracle piloted by Bernard Thomas of Llechryd crossed the English Channel to France in 13½ hours. The journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the Bull Boats of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota could have been copied from coracles introduced by Prince Madog in the 12th century.[68][69]
The Mountbatten class hovercraft (MCH) entered commercial service in August 1968, initially between Dover and Boulogne but later also Ramsgate (Pegwell Bay) to Calais. The journey time Dover to Boulogne was roughly 35 minutes, with six trips per day at peak times. The fastest crossing of the English Channel by a commercial car-carrying hovercraft was 22 minutes, recorded by the Princess Anne MCH SR-N4 Mk3 on 14 September 1995,[70]
By air[edit]
The first aircraft to cross the Channel was a balloon in 1785, piloted by Jean Pierre François Blanchard (France) and John Jeffries (US).[71]
Louis Blériot (France) piloted the first airplane to cross in 1909.
By swimming[edit]
The sport of Channel swimming traces its origins to the latter part of the 19th century when Captain Matthew Webb made the first observed and unassisted swim across the Strait of Dover, swimming from England to France on 24–25 August 1875 in 21 hours 45 minutes.
In 1927, at a time when fewer than ten swimmers (including the first woman, Gertrude Ederle in 1926) had managed to emulate the feat and many dubious claims were being made, the Channel Swimming Association (CSA) was founded to authenticate and ratify swimmers' claims to have swum the Channel and to verify crossing times. The CSA was dissolved in 1999 and was succeeded by two separate organisations: CSA (Ltd) and the Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation (CSPF). Both observe and authenticate cross-Channel swims in the Strait of Dover. The Channel Crossing Association was set up at about this time to cater for unorthodox crossings.
The team with the most number of Channel swims to its credit is the Serpentine Swimming Club in London,[72] followed by the International Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team.[73]
By the end of 2005, 811 people had completed 1,185 verified crossings under the rules of the CSA, the CSA (Ltd), the CSPF and Butlins.
The number of swims conducted under and ratified by the Channel Swimming Association to 2005 was 982 by 665 people. This includes 24 two-way crossings and three three-way crossings.
The number of ratified swims to 2004 was 948 by 675 people (456 men, 214 women). There have been 16 two-way crossings (9 by men and 7 by women). There have been three three-way crossings (2 by men and 1 by a woman). (It is unclear whether this last set of data is comprehensive or CSA only.)
The Strait of Dover is the busiest stretch of water in the world. It is governed by International Law as described in Unorthodox Crossing of the Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme.[74] It states: '[In] exceptional cases the French Maritime Authorities may grant authority for unorthodox craft to cross French territorial waters within the Traffic Separation Scheme when these craft set off from the British coast, on condition that the request for authorisation is sent to them with the opinion of the British Maritime Authorities.'
The CCA, CSA, and CS&PF are the organisations escorting channel swims, because their pilots have the experience, qualifications, and equipment to guarantee the safety of the swimmers they escort.
The fastest verified swim of the Channel was by the Australian Trent Grimsey on 8 September 2012, in 6 hours 55 minutes,[75][76] beating the previous record set in 2007 by Bulgarian swimmer Petar Stoychev.
There may have been some unreported swims of the Channel, by people intent on entering Britain in circumvention of immigration controls. A failed attempt to cross the Channel by two Syrian refugees in October 2014 only came to light when their bodies were later discovered on the shores of the North Sea in Norway and the Netherlands.[77]
By car[edit]
On 16 September 1965, two Amphicars crossed from Dover to Calais.[78]
Other types[edit]
Date | Crossing | Participant(s) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
27 March 1899 | First radio transmission across the Channel (from Wimereux to South Foreland Lighthouse) | Guglielmo Marconi (Italy) |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ferry routes to British Mainland. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to English Channel. |
- World War II Eye Witness Account – Audio Recording Air Battle over the English Channel (1940)